<p>The McVickar House is located at 131 Main Street in Irvington, New York, United States. It is a wooden frame house built in the middle of the 19th century in the Greek Revival architectural style with some Picturesque decorative touches added later. In 2004 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>It was built by John McVickar, an Episcopalian minister who moved to the area to be close to his friend Washington Irving and establish a school, which later became the nearby Church of St. Barnabas. His son, the churchs first pastor, lived in the house. It is the second oldest house on the villages Main Street.</p><br>
<p>Eventually it became the property of Consolidated Edison, the regional electric utility, which still runs a small facility in the backyard. It was rented out until the 1990s. Today, after extensive restoration, it is home to the Irvington Historical Society. It operates the house both as its offices and a museum whose exhibits include a section of the first transatlantic telegraph cable.</p><br>
<h2>Building</h2><br>
<p>The house is located on the north side of Main Street between North Broadway (USA Route 9) and Dearman Street. Surrounding buildings are generally commercial buildings of a similar scale from the 20th century. To the north is the Church of St. Barnabas, also listed on the Register. Further down Main Street, which slopes west toward the Hudson River, are two other properties listed on the Register. The trailway over the Old Croton Aqueduct, a National Historic Landmark, intersects Main two blocks to the west. On the next block, at the corner of Main and North Ferris Street, is Irvington Town Hall, still the village&#39;s municipal building. Main and portions of its adjoining streets have been proposed for a future historic district.</p><br>
<p>The lot on which the house stands is 59 by in size. At its rear is an electrical substation that is not included in the Register listing. A small garden, set off from the sidewalk by a metal railing, is located at the street, next to the front steps on the west side.</p><br>
<p>The house itself is a two-and-a-half-story three-by-two-bay wood frame structure on a raised fieldstone foundation, allowing for an English basement at the front. It is sided in the original clapboard and topped with a side-gabled metal roof. A single brick chimney pierces it at the east end.</p><br>
<p>Wooden steps with decorative wooden railings of solid wood panels pierced by saw-cut quatrefoils climb to the hip-roofed porch which runs the length of the first story on the south (front) facade. Immediately east of them another set of steps leads down to the English basement, currently occupied by a small clothing store. The porch roof is supported by square pillars with knee braces at the top and a molded cornice. At the deck, a baluster similar to those on the steps up to the porch connects the pillars.</p><br>
<p>All windows are six-over-six double-hung sash. Those on the front are flanked by louvered shutters. On the northwest corner is an enclosed smaller porch supported by square columns with simple pedestals and capitals. The overhanging eaves of the rooflines are decorated with saw-cut vergeboards.</p><br>
<p>A paneled wooden door inside an entry with architrave, transom and sidelights in the westernmost bay leads to an entrance hall. The interior has been remodeled but retains some original features, most notably the staircase in that entrance hall. It has a turned mahogany newel post, round railing, and turned balusters.</p><br>
<p>In the front parlor the fireplace has its original wooden mantelpiece and chimney breast. The rear has been reconfigured, with some doors and walls removed. Upstairs is another original newel post, and some of the original lath and plaster on the walls. The basement has also been modified, but may have contained the original kitchen and dining room.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>After a lengthy career in the Episcopal Church as a military chaplain and two-time acting president of Columbia University, where he taught the first course on political economy (the discipline now known as economics) in the USA, The Rev. John McVickar retired to what was then known as Dearman in 1852 and built the house. His goal was to establish a chapel school he had long envisioned, with help from his friends Washington Irving, who lived at the nearby Sunnyside estate, and John Jay. It was established on a 30 acre parcel just north of where the house is now.</p><br>
<p>McVickar persuaded his son William to come to Dearman to preside over the school. It did not last long, eventually moving north up the Hudson Valley and becoming the root of what is today Bard College. McVickar stayed as the rector of what was now the Church of St. Barnabas. He lived in the Greek Revival house his father had built until the current rectory at St. Barnabas was built.</p><br>
<p>At some point around William McVickar&#39;s death in 1868 the Picturesque detail was added to the original design. This was in keeping with trends of the time, particularly in the Hudson Valley, where the influence of Andrew Jackson Downing remained strong even after his death around the time John McVickar had taken up residence. As a result of the combination of Greek Revival form and plan with the Picturesque decoration, the house has a unique and distinct Victorian quality to it.</p><br>
<p>William McVickars daughters inherited the house from him. They sold it to their brother John a few months later, and he in turn sold it to a local grocer in 1870. It passed through a few other owners until 1957, when Consolidated Edison, the electric utility that serves Westchester County as well as New York City, bought the house in order to build the substation in the rear. They subdivided the houses interior and rented it out to various tenants through 1992.</p><br>
<p>After that time the house grew neglected. It had had asbestos composite shingles placed over its clapboard siding and asphalt shingles on its roof. In the early 2000s its historic potential was recognized and it was restored in order to serve as home to the Irvington Historical Society.</p><br>
<p>The Society moved in in 2005 when the work was done. The basement became a children&#39;s center and the first story the main exhibit hall. Upstairs the rooms are used for office space, storage and work.</p><br>
<p>Among the items in the permanent collection are a section of the first transatlantic telegraph cable, donated by the family of its builder, Cyrus West Field, who died in Irvington. and collectibles. The museum is open two afternoons a week.</p><br>
<p>The Black Tiger Spring</p><br>
<p>() is a culturally</p><br>
<p>significant artesian karst spring located in</p><br>
<p>the city of Jinan, Shandong Province,</p><br>
<p>China. The spring is ranked as the second most significant among</p><br>
<p>the 72 named springs in Jinan (after the Baotu Spring). The water</p><br>
<p>of spring stems from moderately-deep circulationhttp://md1.csa.com/partners/viewrecord.php?requester=gs&collection=ENV&recid=9003110&q=jinan+spring&uid=788597020&setcookie=yes Fang, P., Cao, Y., Tang, K., Li, X., Wang, S. (1988) Age Dating of the Groundwater in the Spring Area of Jinan City in: Karst Hydrogeology and Karst Environment Protection. Volume 2. Proceedings of the 21st Congress of the International Association of Hydrogeologists, Guilin, China October 10-15, 1988. IAHS Publication No. 176, (1988). p 597-605 and emerges from a water-filled limestone cave in a</p><br>
<p>steep cliff. From the mouth of the cave, the water is funneled to flow</p><br>
<p>out of the mouths of three ornamental stone-carved tiger heads into a</p><br>
<p>square-shaped spring pool. From there it runs into the old city moat,</p><br>
<p>next to which the spring is located. According to the tradition, there</p><br>
<p>was a black rock lying in front of the cave in ancient time. The name of the spring is</p><br>
<p>said to be derived from the shape and color of the rock, which</p><br>
<p>resembled a black tiger, and the sound of the water gushing past the</p><br>
<p>rock being reminiscent of the roar of a tiger. The ancient layout of</p><br>
<p>the spring is described in a poem by the Ming Dynasty poet, Yan</p><br>
<p>Bizeng.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The Black Tiger Spring is located on the south bank of the old city</p><br>
<p>moat, close to the southeastern corner of the moat. A bit to the east,</p><br>
<p>on the opposite site of the moat stands the Liberation Pavilion that</p><br>
<p>commemorates the arrival of the victorious People&#39;s Liberation Army in Jinan.</p><br>
<p>The Pearl Spring  is a culturally significant artesian karst spring located in the city of Jinan,</p><br>
<p>Shandong Province, China. The Pearl</p><br>
<p>Spring is located on the bottom of in a square spring pool that is</p><br>
<p>surrounded by a stone fence on all sides. The water flows off through</p><br>
<p>a canal into the Daming Lake. The spring was incorporated into the</p><br>
<p>garden of a governor in the year 1466http://placeofinterest.blogspot.com/2006/10/zhengzhu-spring-pearl-spring.html online blog entry about spring and the provincial government</p><br>
<p>continued to reside in vicinity of the spring until the 19th century</p><br>
<p>.http://www.planetware.com/jinan/lake-of-the-great-light-pearl-spring-chn-sd-jlps.htm brief online article at www.planetware.com The name of the</p><br>
<p>spring is said to be related to the bubbles forming in the spring.</p><br>
<h2>Spring group</h2><br>
<p>Other springs in the Pearl Spring group are:</p><br>
<p>*Sanshui Spring ()</p><br>
<p>*Brook Pavilion Spring ()</p><br>
<p>*Chu Spring ()</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The Pearl Spring is located near the center of the old part of the</p><br>
<p>city of Jinan to the south of the Daming Lake. Its street address</p><br>
<p>is 1 Yuanqian Avenue, Jinan, Shandong, China.</p><br>
<p>The Curecanti Needle is a 700-ft granite spire located on the Gunnison River in western Colorado. A notable landmark to generations of natives and pioneers, the Needle is located on the southern bank of Morrow Point Reservoir, an impoundment of the Gunnison river between Gunnison and Montrose, Colorado. Used for many years as a advertising symbol for the Denver and Rio Grande Western Railroad, whose narrow-gauge railway famously ran along the northern bank of the river and passed near the Needle, the spire is today part of the Curecanti National Recreation Area, a National Park Service facility that encompasses three impoundments of the Gunnison river, including Morrow Point Reservoir.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The Needle is located in the upper reaches of the Black Canyon of the Gunnison, along a portion of the Gunnison river impounded in 1965. On the south bank of the reservoir, the spire is immediately west of the mouth of Blue Creek and directly across the river from the mouth of Curecanti Creek, approximately 3.4 miles west of Blue Mesa Dam. The area south of the Needle is traversed by the section of USA Highway 50 between Gunnison and Montrose.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Though the upper Gunnison River area was known to generations of trappers, traders, and explorers, it was the development of the Denver & Rio Grande Western railroad in the 1880’s that first brought the Needle to larger public attention. Famously balked by the Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe Railroad in their attempt to build a main line into New Mexico through the Raton Pass, the Denver & Rio Grande Western instead began to expand into central Colorado, building a line west along the valley of the Arkansas River, through the Royal Gorge and into the San Juan Valley. Eager to extend this line to a junction with the Rio Grande and Western, then building east from Utah, the D&RGW continued west from Salida, across Marshall Pass, and into Gunnison, which it reached in August of 1886.</p><br>
<p>West of the city the line began to follow the north bank of the Gunnison River, where it entered the upper reaches of the Black Canyon. Running along the bottom of the canyon, the line passed directly across the narrow river from the Curecanti Needle, between the towns of Sapinero and Cimmarron. The granite formation quickly become a popular landmark along the route, grabbing the attention of passengers who stopped and marveled at the striking and unique spire. Skilled at marketing the beautiful and impressive areas through which their lines ran, such as the Royal Gorge and Moffat Pass, the DRG&W eventually adopted the Needle as a symbol of their Royal Gorge route, confidently referred to as “The Scenic Line of the World.” Emblazoned on timetables and promotional materials for the route, the easily recognizable Needle would also serve as the main logo for the entire rail line in the first two decades of the 20th century.</p><br>
<p>The Needle remained a popular landmark with railroad passengers until 1964, when the D&RGW ended service through the Black Canyon after nearly a century. Three years later the rail lines near the Needle were covered by the waters of Morrow Point Reservoir, an element of the Wayne N. Aspinall Storage Unit of the Colorado River Storage Project (CRSP) created by the construction of the Morrow Point Dam on the Gunnison River several miles west of the spire. After decades of prominence, the flooding of the canyon for the reservoir and the removal of the rail line quickly returned the area around the Needle to an earlier state, remote and difficult to access. Since the impoundment of the Gunnison the Needle has become a part of the Curecanti National Recreation Area, a National Park Service-administered area responsible for the development and management of recreation facilities on Morrow Point and the other two reservoirs that compose the Wayne N. Aspinall Storage Unit.</p><br>
<h2>Access</h2><br>
<h3>By road and trail</h3><br>
<p>Though USA 50 runs close by south of the Needle there is no direct road access. There is also no direct trail access. The closest developed trail is the Curecanti Creek Trail, which follows the moderately steep descent of Curecanti creek south to its entry into Morrow Point Reservoir. Though it is on the opposite (North) side of the river, the trail, and its attendant river-side campsite, are directly across the river from the Needle, offering excellent views to experienced hikers.</p><br>
<p>Curecanti Creek Trail (4 miles round-trip) 900 ft. elevation change. Access by trail-head located at the Pioneer Point overlook on Colorado Highway 92, 5.7 miles from the junction with USA Hwy 50.</p><br>
<h3>By Boat</h3><br>
<p>There is direct access to the Needle by boat, but these must be hand carried down the 232-steps of the Pine Creek Trail, accessible from USA Hwy 50, west of Blue Mesa Dam. Boaters on Morrow Point Reservoir are required to obtain a free back-country use permit, available at the Pine Creek Trail-head. Once on the water, boaters can directly access the base of the Needle along Blue Creek. An undeveloped boat-in campsite is available for boaters at Blue Creek, as well as a developed camp-site, with a picnic table, grill and toilet, opposite the Needle at the end of the Curecanti Creek trail.</p><br>
<p>Pine Creek Trail (2 miles round-trip) 180 ft. elevation change. Access by trail-head on USA Hwy 50, 1 mile west of junction with Co. Hwy 92. Boat launch is at the end of the trail.</p><br>
<p>The Broadway Historic District is located along Broadway in affluent Saratoga Springs, New York, United States. It has a twofold character. The southern section is the commercial core of the city, with many of its important public and private buildings, most intact from the its peak days as a resort town in that era. North Broadway is a residential neighborhood with many large Victorian houses built by frequent visitors to the town and its spas and racetrack.</p><br>
<p>In 1979 it was recognized as a historic district and listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Since then its boundaries have twice been increased to include some adjacent areas after new information became available about the buildings in them, one of which is a church by Richard Upjohn. Another contributing property, the post office, was later listed on the Register in its own right.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The district follows a one-mile (1.6 km) stretch of Broadway and North Broadway, from the vicinity of Congress Park to a small portion that overlaps into the Town of Greenfield just north of the city limits near Skidmore College, where the street becomes Glen Mitchell Road. It is divided into residential and commercial sections by the intersection with Van Dam Street roughly midway between its two termini. Some portions of neighboring blocks and streets are included.</p><br>
<p>The south end is at the junction of Broadway (also US 9/NY 50) and Spring Street (NY 9P). Some of the properties on Spring to the east (where the district is bordered by the East Side Historic District and Washington Street (NY 29) as far as Woodlawn Avenue to the west are included. Both sides of Broadway (120 ft wide at this point) are included to the junction with Church Street (NY 9N&#39;s southern terminus on the west, and NY 29 on the east), at the post office and city hall, along with properties half a block deep in either direction.</p><br>
<p>At Grove Street the eastern boundary returns to the side of Broadway in order to exclude some more modern buildings on that side. Two blocks to the north, at Van Dam, routes 9 and 50 split off from Broadway to the northeast and become a divided highway. Here the boundary again takes in buildings around High Rock Spring on the east as it becomes Broadway Avenue for a block, then Rock Street and Greenfield Avenue. The west boundary follows Wiswall Lane to include houses on the east side of Woodlawn (Some of the areas on the other side are in the West Side Historic District).</p><br>
<p>The east boundary gradually follows rear property lines until First Street, where it runs down the middle of Bryant Street, including the houses on its west side except for some near the Fourth Street junction at the city line. The houses opposite Skidmore&#39;s main entrance are included; at the city line the west boundary begins.</p><br>
<p>Within this area delineated are 137 acre and over 160 buildings. In the northern half these are residential; to the south they are predominantly commercial with a few churches near the south end.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>High Rock Spring was known to the native peoples of the area and had long been visited by them for its supposed curative powers. In 1643 Father Isaac Jogues became the first European visitor to see it. Mohawks reportedly carried Sir William Johnson there on a stretcher in 1767, and his recovery went so well that he visited it again later several times. It was well-known enough that George Washington tried to buy it in 1783.</p><br>
<p>Gideon Putnam, considered the founder of Saratoga Springs, bought the land around Congress Spring to the south in 1802. He built the first hotel there and eight years later laid out a plan for the city&#39;s development. Broadway was always intended to be the main commercial street, and others built hotels on land sold to them by Putnam and his descendants. The coming of the railroad in the 1830s accentuated this, as it paralleled Broadway just to the west.</p><br>
<p>The tracks crossed Broadway at the Van Dam junction, following the route now used by routes 9 and 50. This created the break between commercial Broadway and residential North Broadway in the later years of the 19th century. Like the builders of the houses along Union Avenue, the North Broadway homeowners were primarily wealthy summer residents. But Union Avenue&#39;s visitors came from all over the country for the horse races, whereas those on North Broadway were from further south in the Capital District and primarily came to Saratoga Springs to take advantage of the baths and get away for the summer.</p><br>
<p>Today that area is home to a number of notable owners and trainers in thoroughbred racing.</p><br>
<p>The districts historic character is preserved by the citys Design Review Commission, a seven-member body appointed by the mayor to staggered three-year terms. It reviews any proposed signage and exterior changes to any building in any of the city&#39;s historic districts.</p><br>
<h2>Significant contributing properties</h2><br>
<p>Adelphi Hotel, 361–65 Broadway. Built in 1877, this is the last surviving hotel from the 19th century. It has the trademark three-story "Saratoga porch" with slender columns and open spandrels.</p><br>
<p>Adirondack Trust Company Building, 473 Broadway. This is a marble-faced 1916 Beaux-Arts bank building by Alfred Hopkins featuring Tiffany bronze doors and chandeliers. All the decoration inside and out has Adirondack themes.</p><br>
<p>S.W. Ainsworth Building, 456–70 Broadway. Ornate High Victorian brick three-story commercial block with pediment dating it to 1871.</p><br>
<p>Bethesda Episcopal Church, 28 Washington Street. Richard Upjohn&#39;s original 1842 Gothic Revival design was enhanced in 1887 with a tower and new front facade.</p><br>
<p>City Hall, 474 Broadway. Ornate three-story brick Italianate building built in 1871 by Cummings & Burt of Troy.</p><br>
<p>Collamer Building, 480–94 Broadway. This large 1884 commercial building, similar in mass (three stories, 18 bays) to the Ainsworth Building down the street has a Queen Anne gable with miniature turrets.</p><br>
<p>Ellis House, 720 North Broadway. This two-and-a-half-story Romanesque Revival house is believed to have been built 1885–86 by Albany architect Albert Fuller. Has a three-story engaged tower and widow&#39;s walk.</p><br>
<p>High Rock Spring, Maple Avenue at Rock Street. The first known mineral water spring in the area flows in a polygonal stone springhouse below a steep ledge.</p><br>
<p>Presidents House, 670 North Broadway. The home of Skidmores president is a -story Colonial Revival frame house with projecting columned portico built between 1895–1900.</p><br>
<p>Reverey Gardens, 595 North Broadway. Hopkins designed this two-story Colonial Revival frame house in 1922. Ellen Shipman designed the gardens.</p><br>
<p>USA Post Office, 475 Broadway. Treasury Department supervising architect James Knox Taylor designed this Classical Revival building in 1910. At that time it had the most elaborate lobby of any post office in the state.</p><br>
<p>The Wormsloe Historic Site, informally known as Wormsloe Plantation, is a state historic site near Savannah, Georgia, in the southeastern United States. The site consists of 822 acre protecting part of what was once the Wormsloe Plantation, a large estate established by one of Georgias colonial founders, Noble Jones . The site includes a picturesque 1.5 mi oak avenue, the ruins of Jones fortified house built of tabby, a museum, and a demonstration area interpreting colonial daily life.</p><br>
<p>In 1736, Noble Jones obtained a grant for 500 acre of land on the Isle of Hope that would form the core of Wormsloe. He constructed a fortified house on the southeastern tip of the island overlooking the Skidaway Narrows, a strategic section of the Skidaway River located along the intracoastal waterway roughly halfway between downtown Savannah and the Atlantic Ocean. The fortified house was part of a network of defensive structures established by James Oglethorpe, founder of Georgia, and early Georgia colonists to protect Savannah from a potential Spanish invasion. Jones subsequently developed Wormsloe into a small plantation, and his descendants built a large mansion at the site which they used as a country residence.</p><br>
<p>The State of Georgia acquired the bulk of the Wormsloe Plantation in 1973 and opened it to the public as a state historic site in 1979.</p><br>
<h2>Geographic setting</h2><br>
<p>The Isle of Hope is an island (or peninsula, depending on marsh water levels) situated approximately 11 mi southeast of downtown Savannah in Georgias Lower Coastal Plain region. The island stretches for approximately 4 mi from its northern tip to its southern tip and for roughly 2 mi from its eastern shore to its western shore. The Skidaway River, which is part of the Atlantic Intracoastal Waterway, forms the islands eastern shore. The islands southwest shore is formed by the Moon River, and the islands northwest shore formed by the Herb River. Typical of Georgia&#39;s inshore coastal islands, the Isle of Hope is completely surrounded by a tidal salt marsh. Skidaway Island is located opposite the Skidaway River to the east and the Georgia mainland is located opposite the Moon River to the west. Wormsloe occupies most of the southern half of the Isle of Hope.</p><br>
<p>A small island known as Long Island lies between Skidaway Island and the Isle of Hope and splits the Skidaway River into two narrow channels, the main (navigable) channel of which is known as the Skidaway Narrows. The main channel of the Skidaway River presently flows between Long Island and Skidaway Island, although in colonial times the main channel flowed between Long Island and the Isle of Hope, giving Wormsloe its historically strategic importance. When traveling by water, the Isle of Hope is just over 10 mi from the Atlantic Ocean (via the Skidaway, Vernon, and Ogeechee rivers) to the southeast and just over 10 mi from the port of Savannah (via the Skidaway, Wilmington, and Savannah rivers) to the northwest.</p><br>
<p>Skidaway Road connects Wormsloe and the Isle of Hope to USA Route 80 near downtown Savannah. The Isle of Hope is located entirely within Chatham County. Wormsloe Historic Site is managed by the Georgia Department of Natural Resources.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Early history</h3><br>
<p>Native Americans have probably inhabited the Isle of Hope on at least a semi-annual basis for thousands of years, as indicated by oyster shell deposits excavated in the vicinity. By the time European explorers arrived in the area in the 16th century, the island was claimed by the Yuchi and the Creek tribe. When the first permanent English colonists landed at what is now Savannah in 1733, the island was part of the domain of the Yamacraw, a detached branch of the Creeks, although the island was apparently uninhabited at the time. James Oglethorpe, the leader of these English colonists, maintained a friendly relationship with the Yamacraw chief Tomochichi, and managed to peacefully acquire the Savannah area and the lands in its vicinity.</p><br>
<p>Throughout the late 17th-century, Spain (which had established itself in Florida in the previous century) retained loose control over the Georgia coast via Native American allies. This inevitably brought them into conflict with the growing English colonies to the north, namely North Carolina and South Carolina. In 1702, South Carolina governor James Moore led an expedition against Spanish settlements in Florida and, en route, raided and destroyed the Spanish Native American missions off the Georgia coast. While Spain still claimed the coast and islands, the area was largely abandoned, creating a buffer zone between Spanish Florida and the English Carolinas.</p><br>
<p>In the early 1730s, the English decided to colonize the islands between the Carolinas and Florida. A charter was granted in 1732, and the first colonists set sail in the same year. The English colonists that arrived at Savannah in 1733 formed the core of what would eventually become the colony and state of Georgia. Among them was Noble Jones (d. 1775), a physician and carpenter from Lambeth, England who made the Transatlantic crossing with his wife and two children. Jones was apparently a loose acquaintance of Oglethorpe, and just before the colonists set sail from England, the colonys Trustees made Jones one of the settlements lead officials. Like the other first settlers, Jones received a town lot in Savannah and a small farm on the outskirts of the town.</p><br>
<h3>Establishment of Wormsloe</h3><br>
<p>Noble Jones applied for a lease for 500 acre on the south side of the Isle of Hope in 1736 (the Trustees didnt approve the lease until 1745) and began building a fortified house overlooking the Skidaway Narrows. The house was constructed between 1739 and 1745 using wood and tabby, a crude type of concrete made from oyster shells and lime. The fortress consisted of 8 ft high walls with bastions at each of its four corners. The fort house was 1.5 stories and had five rooms. Oglethorpe allotted Jones fort a 12-man marine garrison and a scout boat with which to patrol the river. "Wormslow"&mdash; the name Jones gave to his Isle of Hope estate&mdash; probably refers to Wormslow Hundred, Herefordshire, in the Welsh border country from which the Jones family hailed. Some historians suggest the name refers to Jones&#39; attempts to cultivate silkworms at the plantation, but as his son Noble Wimberly Jones named his plantation "Lambeth" after his birthplace on the south bank of the Thames, the former theory is more likely.</p><br>
<p>Noble Jones&#39; fortified house was one of several defensive works built between Frederica on Saint Simons Island and the Savannah townsite. The English were concerned that the Spanish still claimed the area and would eventually attempt to expel them. Conflict erupted in 1739 with the outbreak of the War of Jenkins Ear, the name for the regional theater of the greater War of the Austrian Succession. Jones took part in an English raid along the St. Johns River in northern Florida in 1740, as well as the successful defense of Frederica at the Battle of Bloody Marsh in 1742. The end of the war in 1748 largely neutralized Spanish threats to the new colony.</p><br>
<p>The War of Jenkins&#39; Ear is commemorated annually on the last Saturday in May at Wormsloe Plantation.</p><br>
<h3>Antebellum Wormsloe</h3><br>
<p>The practice of slavery had been banned by Georgias original charter, so Noble Jones used indentured servant labor to tend Wormsloe in the plantations early years. When the Trustees revoked the ban on slavery in 1749, Jones used slave labor in order to make Wormsloe profitable. Jones initially planted several types of crops, including corn, rice, various fruits and vegetables, and possibly indigo. The Georgia Trustees encouraged the production of silk; Jones planted mulberry trees and tried unsuccessfully to produce silk at Wormsloe. While Wormsloe never proved profitable, Jones managed to amass real estate wealth throughout his lifetime, including 5,500 acre and five town lots in the Savannah area. Jones served the young colony in multiple civic capacities, as judge, militia captain, and colonial legislator.</p><br>
<p>With the death of Noble Jones in 1775, Wormsloe passed to his daughter, Mary Jones Bulloch (c. 1730-1795). Jones death occurred just as the American colonies were on the verge of breaking away from England. Jones remained a loyal supporter of King George III throughout his life, a stance that often brought him in direct conflict with his son, Noble Wimberly Jones (1723–1805), who was an ardent supporter of Patriot causes. Noble Wimberly led the Georgia Commons House in its rejection of the Townshend Acts in 1768, and took part in a mission that seized a large supply of gunpowder from the provincial powder magazine in 1776. Noble Jones will stipulated that after the death of his daughter, Wormsloe would pass to Noble Wimberly and thence to Noble Wimberly&#39;s heirs "forever." Thus Noble Wimberly inherited Wormsloe in 1795 upon the death of his sister, and deeded the plantation to his son George Jones (1766–1838) in 1804.</p><br>
<p>George Jones, who served as a USA senator and in various capacities in the Savannah government, built a new, more elaborate house at Wormsloe in 1828, which is the plantation house that is still standing, and made cotton a staple of the plantation. Jones&#39;s son, George Frederick Tilghman Jones (1827–1880), inherited Wormsloe in 1857.</p><br>
<p>George Frederick Tilghman Jones took an active interest in Wormsloe (he changed the spelling from "Wormslow" to "Wormsloe"), enlarging the plantations gardens, adding the first oak-lined avenue, and expanding the house. He changed his name to George Wimberley Jones De Renne (a corruption of his grandmothers maiden name, Van Deren). He began publishing a periodical collection of rare early Georgia documents under the title, the Wormsloe Quartos.</p><br>
<p>During the American Civil War (1861–1865), Wormsloe and the Isle of Hope were fortified by Confederate forces. When Union forces captured Savannah in 1864, the Jones/De Renne family was forced to flee. Although the plantation was confiscated by the USA government (it seized the property of planters who had supported the Confederacy), the property was eventually returned when De Renne was granted a full pardon by President Andrew Johnson.</p><br>
<h3>Wormsloe in the 20th century</h3><br>
<p>In his will, George Wimberley Jones De Renne entrusted Wormsloe to a Pennsylvania insurance company until the death of his son, Wimberley Jones De Renne (1853–1916), at which time the estate would pass to his grandchildren. Wimberley Jones De Renne maintained Wormsloe, further expanding the gardens and planting a new oak avenue (still in use) lined with over 400 oak trees. He continued his fathers contributions to history and tradition, publishing several works for the Georgia Historical Society and establishing Wormsloes library. Upon his death in 1916, Wormsloe passed to the grandchildren of George Wimberley Jones De Renne. In 1917, one grandson, Wymberley Wormsloe De Renne (1891–1966), bought his cousins&#39; shares of the plantation.</p><br>
<p>In 1930 after the stock market crash, Elfrida De Renne Barrow (1884–1970) assumed her brother Wymberly&#39;s debts, and eventually made the plantation her official residence. Barrow created the Wormsloe Foundation, which continued and expanded the family tradition of publishing works related to Georgia history.</p><br>
<p>In 1961, Barrow donated most of the Wormsloe estate to the Wormsloe Foundation, while retaining ownership of Wormsloe House and its immediate area. In 1972, after the Wormsloe Foundation&#39;s tax-exempt status was revoked, the foundation transferred ownership of Wormsloe to the Nature Conservancy, which in turn transferred it to the State of Georgia the following year. In 1979, the state opened the site to the public as Wormsloe Historic Site. The descendants of Noble Jones still control Wormsloe House and its surrounding acreage.</p><br>
<h3>Wormsloe Historic Site</h3><br>
<p>The arched entrance to Wormsloe is located just off Skidaway Road, near the Isle of Hope community. The state-controlled area includes the scenic oak-lined avenue, a museum, and a walking trail that leads through the dense maritime forest to the ruins of the tabby fort built by Jones in 1745. More recently, the park has established a colonial life demonstration area, which includes a replica wattle-and-daub hut and several small outbuildings that simulate a living area for Jones&#39; marines and slaves.</p><br>
<p>The Wormsloe site is within a dense oak-pine maritime forest. Much of the forest originally pre-dated European settlement of the Isle of Hope, but a southern pine beetle infestation in the 1970s killed off most of the old-growth pines. A short interpretive trail near the museum displays prints of wildlife and birds by the 18th-century naturalist Mark Catesby.</p><br>
<p>The Leesport Lock House is a house accompanying a lock on the Schuylkill Canal in Leesport, Pennsylvania, USA. The house was built adjacent to the Leesport Lock to allow canal barges to move quickly up and down the canal. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on June 9, 1977.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The Lock House is located on Wall Street in Leesport, Pennsylvania, on the east bank of the Schuylkill River. Adjacent the Lock House a car wash stood for maNy years, situated on the foundation of the lock. More recently the car wash was acquired by the Leesport Lock House Foundation and the car wash was removed. The lock walls can still be seen just above the remaining portion of the lower lock.</p><br>
<p>The Lock House is across the street from the Union Fire Company of Leesport and the ambulance station of the Schuylkill Valley EMS.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Lock House was originally built in 1834 by the Schuylkill Navigation Company. The Schuylkill Navigation Company was chartered to build a series of navigation improvements in the Schuylkill River, allowing coal from the Coal Region to be delivered from Port Clinton to the ports in Philadelphia. The Schuylkill Navigation Company was the only means of carrying coal en-masse to Philadelphia for twenty years, until the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad was completed in 1841. Within only four years, the railroad was hauling three times the amount of coal as the Schuylkill Canal.</p><br>
<p>Although the canal continued to carry nearly two million tons of anthracite up through 1859, the Reading Railroad continued to transport more than the canal. In 1860, use of the canal started to decline. In 1869, a coal miners strike caused a shortage of material to be transported, a drought saw a severe drop in water levels in the canal, and severe flooding later damaged many portions of the canal. The Schuylkill Navigation Company struggled to find money to repair the damage, until it was ultimately leased to the Reading Railroad in 1870. By 1890, traffic on the canal was carrying less than a tenth of the cargo as it had during its most prosperous years.</p><br>
<p>However, the Lock House remained a symbol of economic growth in the Leesport area. Ultimately, both the canal and the railroad served to develop Leesport&#39;s economy.</p><br>
<h2>Today</h2><br>
<p>The Lock House and surrounding grounds have been restored to their 1880-1910 condition and are maintained by the Leesport Lock House Foundation and the Berks County Parks and Recreation Department. The Lock House also hosts an annual Strawberry Festival and Antique sale in early June. The Lock House is also available for small social gatherings or group meetings.</p><br>
<p>Several relevant artifacts of the lock house and other paraphernalia from the Schuylkill Canal can be found at the Hoss&#39;s Restaurant located just south of Leesport on the nearby Route 61.</p><br>
<p>The Robert M. and Matilda  Grindley House was a private residence located at 123 Parsons Street in Detroit, Michigan. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1997, but was subsequently demolished.</p><br>
<h2>Significance</h2><br>
<p>The Robert and Matilda Kitch Grindley House was constructed in 1897 as a single-family dwelling for the Grindley family. The house is significant because of its association with the Grindley family. Three of the Grindleys (Robert McBride, Sarah, and Joseph) made significant contributions to the surrounding community, including participating in various churches and in the social development of local youth.</p><br>
<p>Robert McBride Grindley married Matilda Kitch in 1891. Robert was president of City & Suburban Homes Company, Ltd., and was involved in much of the subdivision of what is now Detroit&#39;s western and northwestern sections. The company helped manufacturers locate plant sites, found temporary and permanent homes for their workers, and pioneered and an easy payment plan, enabling hundreds of people to buy their own homes. Robert was also a key influence in the establishment of the Boys Club of Detroit and was a Charter Member of the Detroit Board of Commerce. He died in 1946.</p><br>
<p>Sarah A. Grindley opened several Sunday schools and a camp, and was godmother to many children whose fathers were factory workers. She died in 1945. Joseph Grindley was known as a philanthropist; he founded a camp for under-privileged children and worked with a number of children&#39;s clubs. When Joseph died in 1961, the Grindley home was sold out of the family to Harold and Marie Corbett, which they left to their daughter Charlene Corbett in 1986, and was later sold to The Detroit Symphony Orchestra Hall, in 1997. The Detroit Symphony Orchestra Hall decided to demolish the home to make room for a parking structure in 1998.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The house was a -story brick building, built in a Colonial Revival style with Classical detailing. The large gable on the front façade was covered in slate, and embellished with console brackets, scalloped trim, a carved oculus encircled by a frame and voussoirs, and a large two-part lattice window. The window was originally contained in an ornate surround, with a sill supported by modillions, colonettes, and a lintel with carved swags topped with a shell motif. Side dormers with a central lunette, also faced with slate, crossed the slate roof.</p><br>
<p>Lolland  is the fourth largest island of Denmark, with an area of 1,243 km&sup2;. Located in the Baltic sea, it is part of Region Sjælland . As of 1 January 2013, it has 62,578 inhabitants.</p><br>
<h2>Overview</h2><br>
<p>Lolland is also known as the "pancake island" because of its flatness: the highest point of the entire island is 25 m above sea level, just outside the village of Horslunde. The island has been an important communication highway, among others for Nazi Germany during World War II. Historically, sugar beet has been grown in Lolland. Sugar is still a major industry, visible from the large number of sugar beet fields.</p><br>
<p>The largest town of Lolland is Nakskov, with 12,600 residents. Other main towns are Maribo (6,000 residents), which hosts the seat of the Diocese of Lolland and Falster, Sakskøbing (3,500 residents) and Rødby (2,500 residents).</p><br>
<p>Since January 1, 2007, Lolland has been administered by two municipalities, Lolland covering the western two thirds, and Guldborgsund uniting the eastern third with the neighbouring island Falster.</p><br>
<p>Lolland has motor and railway links both to the island of Falster to the east and to Germany (the German island Fehmarn, linked to the mainland) via ferry. European route E47 links Copenhagen to Hamburg (Germany) via Lolland.</p><br>
<h2>Transport</h2><br>
<p>Route E47 from Copenhagen crosses the Guldborgsund strait between Lolland and Falster via a modern tunnel, but the motorway currently terminates at Rødbyhavn where a ferry carries vehicles and trains to Fehmarn. This ferry, in continuous service since 1963, serves 6 passenger trains per day. Freight trains and night trains do not use the ferry; they take the longer way to the mainland via the Great Belt Bridge, then Funen and Jutland.</p><br>
<p>The governments of Denmark and Germany plan to connect Lolland with Fehmarn by a future immersed tunnel, the Fehmarn Belt Fixed Link.</p><br>
<p>Two older bridges also span the strait between Lolland and Falster, the Frederick IX Bridge and Guldborgsund Bridge at the northern end of the strait. Frederick IX bridge is the railway bridge to Falster.</p><br>
<h2>Demography</h2><br>
<h2>Towns and villages</h2><br>
<h2>Attractions</h2><br>
<p>Among the attractions of the island are Fuglsang Manor built in the second half of the 19th century, and the neighbouring Fuglsang Art Museum which opened in 2008. Knuthenborg Safari Park north of Maribo is the largest safari park in Northern Europe and the holiday resort Lalandia is a giant indoor water-fun-land. Furthermore, Middelaldercentret is an open-air museum on the most eastern part of the island just outside Nykøbing Falster. The Centre is an experimental living history museum and it contains a reconstructed part of a medieval town from around 1400. It is among the most authentic reconstructions of the medieval period in Europe, and holds both the largest and the oldest trebuchets in the world.</p><br>
<p>Lolland has many sandy beaches and areas with summer houses, which are primarily visited by German tourists.</p><br>
<p>Old Towne, Orange Historic District, a one square-mile around the original plaza of Orange, California, contains many of the original structures built in the period after the Citys incorporation. It is a vibrant commercial district, containing Orange Countys oldest operating bank and the oldest operating soda fountain. The Historic District was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1997, and is the largest National Register District in California. The Old Towne Preservation Association is a non-profit organization dedicated to maintaining the district.</p><br>
<p>According to State Historic Resource Surveys, Orange is unique among the region and the state in that it has the second largest concentration of historic buildings. A list of all of the buildings and sites in Orange that appear in the National Register of Historic Places can be found at National Register of Historic Places listings in Orange County, California.</p><br>
<h2>Orange International Street Fair</h2><br>
<p>The district is home to the Orange International Street Fair, which has been held annually every Labor Day weekend since 1973. The inaugural event was held to celebrate the citys centennial and pay homage to the original 1910 Orange Street Fair. The Fairs success led to the city holding the event annually ever since. The event covers the Plaza, West and East Chapman Avenue, and North and South Glassell Street, and features international food and drink, live music and entertainment, and showcases for local businesses and non-profit organizations. The event typically draws several hundred thousand attendees over the course of the weekend.</p><br>
<h2>Architectural styles in Old Towne Orange</h2><br>
<p>St. Boniface Roman Catholic Church was a Roman Catholic church located at 2356 Vermont Avenue in Detroit, Michigan. It was also known as St. Boniface-St. Vincent Roman Catholic Church. The church was designated a Michigan State Historic Site in 1983</p><br>
<h2>History and significance</h2><br>
<p>The German Catholic citizens of Detroit began moving to the west side in the 1860s, particularly along the Michigan Avenue corridor. In 1867, Bishop Casper Borgess created St. Boniface parish to serve the German population on the west side. In 1873, a two-story, red brick Italianate rectory building was built for the parish at a cost of $6,000. A stone church building was planned by the prominent local architect William M. Scott, and construction was completed in 1883 at a cost of $30,000.</p><br>
<p>The parish was closed in 1989, and the building was demolished a few years later.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>St. Boniface Church was an eclectic example of Romanesque Revival and Ruskinian Gothic architecture. It was built in a cruciform shape from red brick and cream-painted wood, and featured a high nave roof, steeply gabled stone entry arches, and a central pavilion with recessed round arches. The church had a square, louvered bell tower with an octagonal metal roof. The side walls were supported by heavy, stone-embellished buttresses. The rectory was a two-story Italianate stone building, painted black. It had a modified hip-roof with cross-gabled dormers and a bracketed corniceline, an open gabled portico, and rectangular and round arch window enframements.</p><br>
<p>Cristallo is a mountain in the Italian Dolomites, northeast of Cortina d&#39;Ampezzo, in the province of Belluno, Veneto, northern Italy. It is a long, indented ridge with four summits higher than 3,000 metres.</p><br>
<h2>Peaks</h2><br>
<p>The highest peaks of the Cristallo massif are Monte Cristallo (3,221 m), Piz Popena (3,153 m), Cima di Mezzo (3,154 m), and Cristallino dAmpezzo (3,008 m). Cima di Mezzo and Cristallino dAmpezzo can be reached by via ferratas, while Monte Cristallo and Piz Popena both require climbing skills.</p><br>
<h3>First climbs</h3><br>
<p>Monte Cristallo (3,221 m): 1865 (P. Grohmann, A. Dimai, S. Siorpaes)</p><br>
<p>Cima di Mezzo (3,154 m): 1881 (J. Stafford Anderson, S. Siorpaes, G. Ghedina)</p><br>
<p>Piz Popena (3,153 m): 1870 (R. Whitwell, S. Siorpaes, C. Lauener)</p><br>
<p>Cristallino d&#39;Ampezzo (3,008 m): 1886 (M. Innerkofler, A. Angerer)</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>Cristallo is largely formed from the Upper Triassic dolomitic rock Dolomia principale. The mountain was formed during Cretaceous, as well as the rest of the Dolomites, due to the collision between the African and European continents.</p><br>
<h3>Access</h3><br>
<p>A cable lift system starts from Rio Gere in Val Begontina, first a lift to Rifugio Son Forca at the upper end of Val Padeon. The gondola lift up to Forcella Staunies (2919 m), close to Rifugio G. Lorenzi (2.932 m), was built for the Winter Olympics in Cortina in 1956.</p><br>
<p>The Dolomite Highway number 3 goes through the eastern part of the massif.</p><br>
<h3>Via ferratas</h3><br>
<p>The two via ferratas VF Ivano Dibona and VF Marino Bianchi both start from the top of the cable car at Forcella Staunies. VF Marino Bianchi can be followed to the peak Cima di Mezzo.</p><br>
<p>VF Ivano Dibona follows the Zurlon-ridge. It is a historical route used in World War I, and later restored and made safe for tourists.</p><br>
<p>The via ferrata VF Renato de Pol can be used for access from the western side of the Cristallo massif.</p><br>
<h3>Winter sports</h3><br>
<p>Cristallo is one of the major skiing areas in the surroundings of Cortina.</p><br>
<h3>Cabins (rifugi) and restaurants</h3><br>
<p>Some of the cabins and restaurants available are the Rifugio Son Forca at 2,235 m; Capanna Guido Lorenzi at 3,003 m (Auronzo di Cadore); Ristorante Rio Gere at 1,680 m; Ristorante Lago Scin at 1,336 m; Ristorante Staulin at 1,370 m; Ristorante Son Zuogo at 1,800 m.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>During the World War I there was considerable military activity in the mountain. The front lines between Italian and Austrian troops went through the mountains. Remains of ladders and barracks are still found today, and transport lines (ferratas) have been restored.</p><br>
<h2>Popular culture</h2><br>
<p>In 1993 the film Cliffhanger was shot on and around the bridge on the Zurlon-ridge, as well as some of the other peaks in the area.</p><br>
<p>The Forth River is a perennial river located in northwest Tasmania, Australia.</p><br>
<h2>Location and features</h2><br>
<p>The lower part of the river features Lake Barrington, which is a major venue for competitive rowing. It is also the location of the village of Forth.</p><br>
<p>The river is a part of the Mersey-Forth power project, which includes seven hydroelectric power stations. Three hydroelectric power stations have been built on the Forth River itself, including Cethana Power Station (impounding Lake Cethana); Devils Gate Power Station (impounding Lake Barrington); and Paloona Power Station (impounding Lake Paloona.)</p><br>
<p>The upper part of the river catchment area is also known as the Forth River High Country and contains the Cradle Mountain-Lake St Clair National Park with the source of the river being on the southern slopes of Mount Pelion West.</p><br>
<p>The catchment for the river is 1,126 km&sup2;.</p><br>
<p>The James "Squire" Patton House is located along the brief overlap of NY 207 and 300 in New Windsor, New York, United States. It is on a five-acre  parcel owned by the nearby city of Newburgh, used for police K-9 training.</p><br>
<p>It was built in 1790, although it is not known by whom. Patton, a prominent local farmer and landowner, bought the property as a young man a quarter-century later. It assumed its present form after several additions and renovations in the first 40 years of its existence. In 2008 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Property</h2><br>
<p>The house is a -story five-bay frame structure facing the road to the south, on a lot that slopes slightly up to and past it. Its front facade has four windows and a centrally located entranceway with wooden steps leading up to a covered porch. The raised foundation is of mortared fieldstone with some attempt at an ashlar pattern on the corners. The roof is a steeply pitched and gabled. Two brick chimneys rise from it.</p><br>
<p>A small stone lean-to was added on to the east at a later date. On the west are two exposed firebacks.</p><br>
<p>The interior has undergone more extensive renovation than the exterior, most recently for use as a police training facility. Beyond the room modified to serve as a classroom, many of the original finishes, the original plaster and decoration remains. The fireplace mantels have Federal style Tuscan colonettes with frieze and entablature, and the unusual rear-facing open-stringer staircase has a pyramidal newel post and oval handrails.</p><br>
<p>There are several contributing resources to the rear of the house. A two-story wooden barn is believed to date to 1880, and the remains of a stone smokehouse and another unidentified structure are nearby. The pattern of their stonework is similar to the lean-to on the east elevation, suggesting all three were built around the same time in the early 19th century. An old well and stone walls complete the original farmstead property.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>At the time of its original construction, the house was a more modest structure, less deep and less wide. In the early 19th century, it is believed, the house was expanded to its present size and the first floor reconfigured more in keeping with the Federal style houses beginning to come into style. Some traces of this expansion can still be seen on both the interior and exterior.</p><br>
<p>Patton, who had been born and raised a short distance away, bought the house and surrounding farmland that was to eventually reach 200 acre by 1830, possibly in 1825. He married around that time and began the house&#39;s last remodeling, adding the Federal decorative touches inside and other changes to make it a better hom for his growing family. He distinguished himself in the Newburgh-area business community, helping to establish two banks, and served in several town offices. In 1860 his holdings were valued at $20,000 ($ in 2008 dollars).</p><br>
<p>His son William returned to the farm with his own family in 1880 to help his aging father. By 1900, after the older man&#39;s death, William and the family and their servants had returned to Montgomery Street in Newburgh. He still owned the farm, but his workers lived in the house.</p><br>
<p>James Patton&#39;s land were slowly subdivided and sold in the early years of the 20th century. By the time the city of Newburgh acquired the land as part of the expansion of its Lake Washington reservoir to the north, only 52 acre were left. Eventually the city converted it to its present use as a police training facility.</p><br>
<h2>Aesthetics</h2><br>
<p>Colonial-era houses in the Hudson Valley often strongly reflect either English or Dutch building traditions, sometimes combining both, as in the Bull Stone House in nearby Hamptonburgh. After independence, the Dutch-style stone houses faded from popularity in favor of more traditional English styles, which the Patton house largely reflects. The -story height, however, is a Dutch style, perhaps the only one that continued to be in use.</p><br>
<p>Karuah River, an open semi-mature tide dominated drowned valley estuary system, is located in the Mid North Coast and Hunter regions of New South Wales, Australia.</p><br>
<h2>Course and features</h2><br>
<p>Karuah River rises on the southeastern slopes of Gloucester Tops of the Great Dividing Range, below The Mountaineer, southwest of Gloucester, and flows generally southeast and south. joined by eleven tributaries including the Telegherry, Mammy Johnsons, and The Branch rivers, before reaching its mouth within Port Stephens at Karuah, and then flows out to the Tasman Sea of the South Pacific Ocean. The river descends 600 m over its 101 km course.</p><br>
<h2>Etymology</h2><br>
<p>Initially named Clyde by Lachlan Macquarie, the use of the Aboriginal name became prevalent subsequently.</p><br>
<p>The CEC Palace  in Bucharest, Romania, built in 1900 and situated on Calea Victoriei opposite the National Museum of Romanian History, is the headquarter of CEC Bank.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Before the construction of the palace, the location was occupied by the ruins of a monastery (Saint John the Great) and an adjoining inn. The 16th-century church was renovated by Constantin Brâncoveanu during 1702 - 1703, but later deteriorated and was demolished in 1875.</p><br>
<p>The palace was built as a new headquarters for Romanias oldest bank, the public savings institution Casa de Depuneri, Consemnațiuni și Economie, later known as C.E.C. (Romanian: Casa de Economii și Consemnațiuni), and nowadays CEC Bank. The land was bought and the building constructed with the institutions own funds. Work started on June 8, 1897 and was completed in 1900. The project was designed by the architect Paul Gottereau, a graduate of the École nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts in Paris; construction was supervised by the Romanian architect Ion Socolescu.</p><br>
<p>In 2009, it was the venue for the 60th birthday celebrations of Crown Princess Margareta of Romania. and in 2015, it was also the venue for the 25th anniversary of the celebration of Crown Princess Margaretas charity: FPMR&#39;.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Built in eclectic style, the palace is topped by a glass and metal dome. The entrance features an arch supported by two pairs of columns in composite style. The four corners are decorated with gables and coats of arms and ending in Renaissance domes.</p><br>
<p>Cladirea CEC.jpg</p><br>
<p>Palacio CEC, Bucarest, Rumanía, 2016-05-29, DD 85-87 HDR.jpg</p><br>
<p>BucarestCasaDeDepuneri2.jpg</p><br>
<p>Palacio CEC, Bucarest, Rumanía, 2016-05-29, DD 88-90 HDR.jpg</p><br>
<p>Palacio CEC, Bucarest, Rumanía, 2016-05-29, DD 64.jpg</p><br>
<p>Palatul Casei de Depuneri, Consemnațiuni și Economie Bucuresti.jpg</p><br>
<p>The Ryck is a river in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany.</p><br>
<p>From its source near Bartmannshagen, part of the Süderholz community northeast of Grimmen, the Ryck flows for about 28 km to the east, reaching Greifswald shortly before its mouth. The larger part of the river outside Greifswald is also referred to as Ryckgraben. In Greifswald, the Ryck provided both the medieval Hanseatic port and natural salt evaporation ponds, as due to the low elevation, hypersaline water of the Baltic Sea is driven into the river by the wind, flooding the lower meadows on the Ryck&#39;s northern bank.</p><br>
<p>In the High Middle Ages, the Ryck marked the southern border of the Principality of Rügen and the northern border of the County of Gützkow. West of Greifswald, the Ryck fed the Boltenhägener Teich, a medieval lake.</p><br>
<p>The old Hanseatic port in Greifswald is now an open-air ship museum.</p><br>
<p></text></p><br>
<p></revision></p><br>
<p>Hanikatsi laid  is an islet in Estonia, in the Baltic Sea, south east of Hiiumaa island. It has a surface area of 83 hectares and no permanent habitation. The islet belongs to Hiiu County, Pühalepa Parish and is part of Hiiumaa Islets Landscape Reserve, which in turn is part of West Estonian Archipelago Biosphere Reserve.</p><br>
<p>The flora of Hanikatsi is rich, and over 400 species have been found. There are also records of 117 species of lichens. In the northern part of the islet there lies the 12-hectare Lepana broad-leaved forest, rich in species. In the southern part there are mostly birch, poplar and juniper forests.</p><br>
<p>There are records of habitation of the islet from 1623. The last inhabitant left the islet in 1964. There are still some buildings on the islet which have been renovated by the Landscape Reserve and are now used by scientists.</p><br>
<p>Many people originating from the islet have the family name Hanikat.</p><br>
<p>Linnupesa Hanikatsi laiul.jpg</p><br>
<p>Hanikatsi lõunaots.jpg</p><br>
<p>Hanikatsi laiu rannaniit.jpg</p><br>
<p>Hanikatsi maja.jpg</p><br>
<p>Ahelaid is a small uninhabited islet in Estonia. It lies in the Baltic Sea, south-east of Hiiumaa island. It has a surface area of 25 hectares. It is part of the Hiiumaa Islets Landscape Reserve.</p><br>
<p>Ahelaid lies 10.5 km from the Sarve peninsula on Hiiumaa, 14 km from the Salinõmme peninsula on Hiiumaa and 6.5 km from Tammiski nukk on Muhu. Although it is closer to Muhu than to Hiiumaa, it is administered as part of Hiiu County. Near the island are some smaller islets: to the north, stony Aherahu; to the west Ankrurahu, which has some vegetation; to the east Luigerahu and to the northeast a few stone piles barely above the sea level called Kajakarahud.</p><br>
<p>The average height of the islet is below 2 meters and the highest point is 4.6 meters.</p><br>
<p>There are 45 bird species nesting on the islet annually, including sedge warbler (Acrocephalus schoenobaenus), Arctic tern (Sterna paradisaea) and whitethroat (Sylvia communis). Altogether 60 species of birds have been recorded.</p><br>
<p>The islet is also known as Hakilaid, probably from the common eider (Somateria mollissima) (hahk).</p><br>
<p>There has been no habitation on the islet. People from both Muhu and Hiiumaa have gathered hay there in summer as until the end of the 19th century there was a shortage of land for hay. The islet may also have been used as pasture. There has been a fishermen&#39;s hut on the islet.</p><br>
<p>Belfield, also known as the Charles Willson Peale House, was the home of Charles Willson Peale from 1810 to 1826, and was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1965.</p><br>
<p>The Belfield Estate was a 104 acre area of land in the Logan section of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, much of which is now a part of La Salle University’s campus.</p><br>
<h2>Early history</h2><br>
<p>In 1684, William Penn granted to Thomas Bowman 588 acre near Germantown. Bowman kept the land for two years, and sold it to Samuel Richardson, a Quaker who was active in the early colonial government of Pennsylvania. The property extended from Old York Road to the edges of Germantown, with Richardson&#39;s home, "Newington", located on Old York Road.</p><br>
<p>Upon Samuel Richardson&#39;s death in 1719, his son Joseph inherited the land, and split it among his children, with the area that would become Belfield going to his second son, John. John Richardson sold a portion of the land to John Eckstein in 1731. The 1731 deed mentions "Buildings & Woods & Underwoods, Timbers, Trees, Meadows, Marshes." This is the first time that "buildings" are recorded on the property. The once free-standing, square structure now attached to the rear of the main house is believed to be the oldest surviving building, but it is not known whether this building existed at the time of the sale to Eckstein.</p><br>
<p>Eckstein transferred the land that the main house is located on to his daughter Magdalena and son-in-law Conrad Weber in 1755, and after the death of Eckstein in 1763 the land was split among his remaining children. Two of the remaining children of Eckstein became members of the religious Ephrata Cloister in Lancaster County, and all had sold their land to Weber by 1786. Though the exact date of construction of the main house at Belfield is not known, Peale later wrote that it was built "by a Dutchman". As Weber was the son of a Dutch immigrant, this would date the house to sometime after 1755.</p><br>
<p>Weber sold the property to his tenant Richard Neave in 1804, not having lived on the property himself since the 1770s. Neave owned the property until his death in 1809, when it was sold to his tenants, Charles and Mary Grégoire. The Grégoires possessed the property for just three months before putting it up for sale.</p><br>
<h2>Charles Willson Peale</h2><br>
<p>Seeking to retire, Charles Willson Peale turned over the administration of his natural history museum to his son, Rubens, and began to look for a small country estate. He purchased the land in 1810 from Charles Grégoire for $9500. Peale initially named the estate Farm Persevere, and wrote to Thomas Jefferson, telling him that this was because "by labor and perseverance I obtained it." Friends of Peales thought that this name was far too solemn, and as a result, by 1812 he had changed it to Bellefield, which later, became Belfield.&#39;</p><br>
<p>Peale began renovations on the mansion house after purchasing the property, separating partitions in between rooms, and adding a "painting room to the north side of the house. When this room was destroyed in a storm in August 1817, a larger, two-story addition was added.</p><br>
<p>In October 1821, Peale and his wife Hannah contracted yellow fever, which led to Hannah&#39;s death. A weakened Peale moved in with his son Rubens, and put Belfield up for sale. In January 1826, William Logan Fisher, whose estate of Wakefield bordered Belfield to the southeast, purchased the property for $11,000.</p><br>
<h3>Gardens and Grounds</h3><br>
<p>Peale cultivated, and frequently used as inspiration, extensive gardens on the estate grounds. One of the first structures Peale added to his garden was a "summer house", built in about 1813 by his son Franklin. It was a hexagonal structure with six columns, and a bust of George Washington crowning its roof. The Wister family later built a gazebo on this site that as of 2014 is in a ruined state. Northwest of the summer house was an obelisk at the end of a garden walk. Peale painted four mottos that governed his life on the base of this obelisk, one on each side. It was Peales wish to have been buried at the foot of this obelisk, yet it was not to be, as Peale sold Belfield a year before his death. Though Peale was not buried at this location, the Wister family later buried their dog, a white German Spitz named Kaiser&#39;, there. A reproduction of this obelisk was created by La Salle alumni in 2000.</p><br>
<p>To the south of the obelisk, Peale erected another gazebo, in "Chinese taste, dedicated to meditation. This summer house was simpler than the one built by his son, and only had a flat roof to provide shade, and four posts to hold it up, with seats around the inside. On the same hillside as the Chinese gazebo was a pedestal onto which Peale inscribed ninety memorable events in American history, starting with the discovery of America, and ending with the American victory at New Orleans in 1815. Significantly, he left room to inscribe the first crossing of the Atlantic Ocean by an American steamship.</p><br>
<p>There were originally 7 natural pools and springs that existed within the massive property. The ruins of Peales cave and greenhouse still stand. The cave is now underneath the stump of a coffee tree, but the deteriorating masonry is still visible. The greenhouses walls are to the west, and are mostly overgrown with brush and ivy while the location of Peale&#39;s pond has been paved over by a driveway.</p><br>
<p>While the condition of the gardens and greenhouses may have deteriorated during the unforgiving embrace of time, they once used to be magnificent, with numerous flora of all kinds scattered all throughout the greenhouses and on the grounds. The flora included a fig tree to the south side of the small gardener&#39;s cottage along with a box tree only a couple of yards away. This tree was replaced several times during the history of Belfield. There were numerous transplanted trees that are scattered throughout the land but throughout all the years, only one tree can be described as the strongest and longest lasting. This is the old hickory tree that was and still is standing near the greenhouses.</p><br>
<h2>After Peale</h2><br>
<p>After purchasing the property from Peale, William Logan Fisher and wife Sarah Lindley Fisher lived on the estate. Sarah Lindley Fisher attracted a lot of guests when she arrived to the estate. Together the two had three children. The first was Sarah Lindley in 1818, the second, Charles William in 1820, and finally Mary Rodman in 1822. William gave the estate to his daughter Sarah upon her marriage to William Wister in 1826. According to the Wisters great-granddaughter, Mary Meigs, Belfield served as a stop on the Underground Railroad, though there is no contemporary evidence of this claim. During this time, William Wister and William Logan Fisher together founded the Belfield Print Works, located at the edge of the property, at the present-day intersection of Belfield Avenue and Wister Street. William Rotch Wister, the Wisters eldest son, and father of horticulturist John Caspar Wister, had a house constructed on the estate in 1868 for his family, this house is now La Salles Mary and Frances Wister Fine Arts Studio. In 1876, he moved his family across the street to another house he had built, the mansion Wister&#39;, which was deeded to Fairmount Park and demolished in 1956.</p><br>
<p>The Wisters second son, John, purchased the remaining property upon Sarahs death in 1891. John Wister made several improvements to the property, installing a furnace in the main house, and building a greenhouse next to the ruins of Peales. The foundations of this greenhouse survive as of 2010. In July 1907, the carriage house caught fire, causing the panicked Wister family to flee Belfield, though there was no actual damage to the main house. After John died in 1900, his wife Sallie Wister continued to live at Belfield until her death in 1922. Upon her death, it was discovered that John Wisters will gave Belfield to his second daughter Sarah Logan Wister Starr, who had lived in another house on the property, later dubbed The Mansion, since her marriage in 1901. Wister&#39;s eldest daughter, Bessie, felt slighted, leading to a feud between the sisters lasting several decades.</p><br>
<p>During the ownership of Sarah and her husband James Starr, the property had bathrooms installed and underground electric and telephone lines run to it. They had the colonial kitchen restored, and planted citrus trees, and a garden of one hundred Tea Roses. James, who had an interest in China, added several rock gardens and in the rear of the main house, a "Chinese Garden" that still survives. The date of the gardens construction was recorded in Chinese characters on the gardens wall. Also during the Starr&#39;s ownership, 20th Street was constructed and a deep trench was cut in the hillside, requiring a 14 foot retaining wall be built along what is now the eastern edge of the estate. In 1926, La Salle College purchased a portion of land on the east side of 20th Street from the Starrs for $27,500. The remaining portion of the campus was purchased from other descendants of William Logan Fisher.</p><br>
<p>In 1956, S. Logan Wister Starr and her husband Daniel Blain inherited the mansion from Logans parents, they kept the property a fully functioning and self-sufficient farm, despite spending most of their time in Nova Scotia. Under the Blains, in 1966, the property was added to the National Register of Historic Places. Having rented The Mansion and another house, Shaw Manor&#39;, from the Blains since the early 1960s for dormitory space, La Salle purchased both houses in 1968, and demolished them for parking space.</p><br>
<p>La Salle University began a renovation of the estate after purchasing it, converting it from a farm into a park-like area. Several structures were demolished, including Peales stable and hen house, which were leveled to construct a parking lot and later tennis courts. The main house of Belfield, now called Peale House&#39;, was also converted to the office for the President of La Salle, while the former tenant house on the south end of the property was used for Japanese tea ceremonies from the 1980s until 2007.</p><br>
<p>Otinja  is a river that bisects the city of Štip and is a tributary to the Bregalnica river. The river is of medium length, but the last part that flows through the city often dries up in the summer months as the water is blocked upstream for irrigation of the farms and vegetable gardens north of the city. The last 3 km of the river, that pass through the center of Štip are bounded by a quay, built of stone and mortar, which is criss-crossed by several bridges, including the medieval Stone Bridge of Štip , and is integral part of the Štip downtown.</p><br>
<p>A hydroelectric plant has been started on the upper reaches of the river, north of the city, however the development has been stalled for a couple of decades now. The former mayor of Štip, Pande Sarev, has met in the past with the Dutch ambassador to Republic of Macedonia to discuss possible Dutch investments in the completion of the HEC "Otinja" as well as other projects in the city.</p><br>
<p>Apsley River, a perennial stream of the Macleay River catchment, is located in the Northern Tablelands district of New South Wales, Australia.</p><br>
<h2>Course and features</h2><br>
<p>Apsley River rises in high country of the Tia Range, part of the Great Dividing Range, approximately 11 km west of the locality of Tia and approximately 29 km south of Walcha. The river flows generally north through the town of Walcha and on to make a dramatic spilling over the Apsley Falls, descending approximately 27 m into the Apsley Gorge, towards its confluence with the Macleay River, approximately 24 km southwest of the locality of Lower Creek. The Apsley River is joined by seven tributaries, including the Tia River and Yarrowitch River, as it makes its course, descending 1,070 m over 168 km.</p><br>
<p>Together with the Macleay River, the Apsley River has developed deeply incised river valleys into Ordovician meta-sedimentary rocks including greywacke, slate, phyllite, schist, chert and argillites. This has produced a number of spectacular gorges and waterfalls on or near the Apsley River in the Oxley Wild Rivers National Park.</p><br>
<p>The Apsley Macleay Gorges are a converging point for moister eastern coastal and dry western floras, and some 950 native plant species have been identified, of which 36 are rare or threatened. The gorge wattle is a rare species that mainly grows in the Apsley-Macleay gorges. Epiphytic orchids may also be observed growing in trees.</p><br>
<p>The entire length of the Apsley River is within the boundaries of Walcha Shire and Vernon County.</p><br>
<p>Dingos, brumbies, carpet pythons, goannas and feral pigs inhabit parts of the warmer, lower reaches of the Apsley River.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The traditional custodians of the land surrounding the Apsley River are the Aboriginal people of the Ngayaywana and Dyangadi nations. Archaeological evidence of Aboriginal camp sites have been found on the upper terraces of the Apsley and Macleay Rivers.</p><br>
<p>In 1818 explorer, John Oxley, camped beside the Apsley River very near the present townsite en route to the coast. A cairn now marks his campsite alongside the Apsley River, which Oxley named after The Lord Apsley, Secretary of State for Colonies. He recorded the event in his diary that day:</p><br>
<p>"We halted in a fine and spacious valley... watered by a fine brook, and at a distance of a mile we saw several fires at which appeared many natives."</p><br>
<p>Australian red cedar (Toona ciliata) cutters were active in the area&#39;s rainforests before 1860. Some red cedar trees may still be seen in the more remote tributaries of the river.</p><br>
<p>The deep "Mill Hole" in the Apsley River, above the Fitzroy Street bridge, was used as the local swimming hole until the Walcha and District War Memorial Baths were completed in October 1970.</p><br>
<p>In 1981 the Electricity Commission of New South Wales (Elcom) proposed to build a large pumped storage scheme on the Apsley River to supply electricity for peak energy demand periods. During late 1981 Elcom improved the Cicolini Trail to the Apsley River and installed a river gauging station. The project was shelved following a land use study recommending a major national park be established. In 1986 the park was gazetted to foster nature conservation, cultural heritage and tourism on the Northern Tablelands.</p><br>
<p>The Lower Apsley River Landcare Group was formed in 1993 to improve the health of the riparian zone of the Apsley River. This landcare group encompasses an area of approximately 300 km&sup2; between Walcha and the Oxley Wild Rivers National Park. Since its establishment, the group has planted 320,000 trees across 140 sites, most of which were thriving as at 2008.</p><br>
<p>In 2007, the old single lane wooden bridge over the Apsley River in Walcha was replaced with the two-lane bridge, with a pedestrian pathway, located on Middle Street.</p><br>
<h2>Flooding</h2><br>
<p>The Apsley River flooded Walcha in 1893, 1935, 1941 and 1952. The maximum period between floods up to 1962 was ten years. Walchas worst flood was on 12 January 1962, when 40 business houses and 39 residences were flooded. Losses were in the vicinity of 250,000. A public appeal raised A$11,000 and the Armidale Lord Mayors fund gave £8,650. It cost the Walcha Shire $2,000 to clean up the town, however the amount of work carried out by volunteers would have doubled this figure.</p><br>
<p>In September 1967 Walcha Council decided to proceed with flood mitigation, provided it did not exceed $140,000. By September 1971, all required land had been resumed to give the council full control for flood mitigation purposes. The scheme was almost complete by October 1973 and the flood warning system on "Somerset" became redundant. Since the construction of the levee banks there has been no further flooding of the township.</p><br>
<p>The Apsley River flooded on 28 November 2008, causing major damage to farming properties and livestock losses. The levee banks saved Walcha township from flooding.</p><br>
<p>Wight Inlet  is a body of water in Nunavut&#39;s Qikiqtaaluk Region. It lies in western Hudson Strait, forming a wedge into Baffin Island&#39;s Meta Incognita Peninsula and the western slopes of the Everett Mountains, is named after Sergeant James Edward Freeman Wight, RNWMP and RCMP #6296.</p><br>
<p>Wight served in the force From September 23, 1914 to March 14, 1945 in "K," Depot, "G," "A," and "H" Divisions. He was another from a family of members in the Force: Hos brother, Corporal Robert Wight (#4961), served from 1909 to 1917 and his son, Constable Alexander Wight (#15526), also served in the north. (In 1953 his son was at the Lake Harbor detachment, Northwest Territories. With radio instructions from a doctor, he performed a successful appendectomy on an Inuit, Mingeeneeak, with the local Hudson&#39;s Bay Company factor, Mr. Pilgrim. The operation undoubtedly saved Mingeeneeak&#39;s life.)</p><br>
<p>In 1915, with Inspector (later Assistant Commissioner) Charles D. LaNauze (O.180) and Corporal Denis Withers (#4794), he made a fourteen-month patrol by dog teamfrom Fort Norman to the mouth of the Coppermine River in the Northwest Territories, seeking two Inuit (Sinnisiak and Kormick) who were alleged to have murdered two missionaries.</p><br>
<p>In the First World War he volunteered for service in the RNWMP "A" Squadron cavalry draft to serve in France with the Canadian Expeditionary Force as #2772629. On his return from the war he was sent back north with the force.</p><br>
<p>While in charge of the Pangnirtung detachment during February and March 1926, he made another long dog team patrol. He completed this 2070 Kilometer trip with Constable Thomas Tredgold (#9295), travelling from Pangnirtung to Lake Harbour and back.</p><br>
<p>He died on July 5, 1959, at Yarmouth, Nova Scotia.</p><br>
<p>The Ta Ħaġrat  temples in Mġarr, Malta is recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, along with several other Megalithic temples. They are amongst the most ancient religious sites on Earth. The larger Ta Ħaġrat temple dates from the Ġgantija phase ; the smaller is dated to the Saflieni phase .</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>Ta Ħaġrat is on the eastern outskirts of the village of Mġarr, roughly one kilometer from the Ta Skorba temples. Characteristics of the Ta Ħaġrat façade resemble those in the Ta Skorba complex.</p><br>
<h2>Temple Complex</h2><br>
<p>The excavation of plentiful pottery deposits show that a village stood on the site and predates the temples themselves. This early pottery is dated to the Mġarr phase (3800-3600 BCE).</p><br>
<p>Ta&#39; Ħaġrat is built out of lower coralline limestone, the oldest exposed rock in the Maltese Islands. The complex contains two adjacent temples. The smaller temple abuts the major one on the northern side.</p><br>
<p>The two parts are less regularly planned and smaller in size than many of the other neolithic temples in Malta. Unlike other megalithic temples in Malta no decorated blocks were discovered; however a number of artifacts were found. Perhaps most intriguing is a scale model of a temple, sculpted in globigerina limestone.</p><br>
<p>The model is roofed and shows the typical structure of a Maltese temple including a trilithon façade, narrow-broad walling technique and upper layers of horizontal corbelling.</p><br>
<h3>Major Temple</h3><br>
<p>The Ġgantija phase temple is typically trefoil, with a concave façade opening onto a spacious semicircular forecourt. The façade contains a monumental doorway in the center and a bench at its base. Two steps lead up to the main entrance and a corridor flanked by upright megaliths of coralline limestone.</p><br>
<p>The corridor leads into a central torba (a cement-like material) court, radiating three semi-circular chambers. These were partially walled off at some time in the Saflieni phase; pottery shards were recovered from the internal packing of this wall. The apses are constructed with roughly-hewn stone walls and have a rock floor. Corbelling visible on the walls of the apses suggest that the temple was roofed.</p><br>
<p>A small sculptured temple was discovered here.</p><br>
<h3>Minor Temple</h3><br>
<p>The Saflieni phase temple rests to the north and is six and a half meters long. It is entered through the eastern apse of the larger temple. Smaller stones have been used in its construction and it exhibits irregularities in design considered archaic or provincial.</p><br>
<h2>Excavation</h2><br>
<p>The site was excavated between 1923 and 1926 by Sir Temi Zammit, then Director of Museums. The site was again excavated by John Davies Evans in 1954, and British archaeologist David Trump accurately dated the complex in the 1961 excavation.</p><br>
<p>The temple was included on the Antiquities List of 1925.</p><br>
<h2>Restoration</h2><br>
<p>Parts of the façade and doorway were reconstructed in 1937.</p><br>
<p>Tolantongo is a box canyon and resort located 17 kilometres from Ixmiquilpan on Route 27 in the Mezquital Valley, State of Hidalgo in Mexico, It is about 1.5 hours northeast of Pachuca and 198 km or three-to-four hours northeast of Mexico City.</p><br>
<h2>Etymology</h2><br>
<p>From the Nahuatl Tonaltonko (Home where it feels warm). In his book "Lo que el viento nos dejo: hojas de terruno hidalguense", journalist Enrique Rivas Paniagua gives the etymology of Tolantongo a very deep look: "... the neighboring towns called it Tonaltongo (derivation of Tonaltonko)... but in 1975 when this eden was discovered and was promoted by the magazine "Mexico Desconocido" the name was misspelled and that is how it "officially" got the name Tolantongo."</p><br>
<h2>Resort</h2><br>
<p>The resort is made up of three hotel complexes and heated pools near the bottom of a steep box canyon that has walls as much as 500 meters high. Its main attraction are two grottos at the canyon’s closed end, out of which flows a small volcanically-heated river which follows the canyon floor. The large grotto chamber is about half the size of a tennis court with a ceiling of up to ten metres. Above the grotto is a “tunnel”, a small cavern 15 metres deep in which warm water showers those who venture inside. Around these two openings, warm waterfalls flow down the steep canyon walls Here visitors can practice hiking, rappelling and spelunking.</p><br>
<h2>Ecological zone</h2><br>
<p>The resort is located in a semi-desert zone, surrounded by rock formations carved by water flow and geological pressures. The high peaks in this area are often shrouded in mist. Cacti and semi-arid vegetation predominate in the hills above the canyon, with pine trees at the higher elevations. The rugged peaks have a great deal of biological diversity. Among the plant species to be found are yucca (Yucca spp), mesquite (Prosopis spp.), tall cacti called “viejitos” (little old ones) (Cephalocereus senilis), named so because their upper spines whiten and flatten, creating a grey-hair-like look, gumbo-limbos (Bursera simaruba), poinsettias (Euphorbia pulcherrima) as well as the abundant magueys that have been used for centuries to make pulque, a fermented beverage. Animals that can be seen include raccoons (Procyon lotor), greater roadrunners (Geococcyx californianus), hooded skunks (Mephitis macroura), white-nosed coatis (Nasua narica) and white-winged doves (Zenaida asiatica). Also, the area has been inhabited by various indigenous peoples such as the Otomi, the Mexica, the Toltecs and the Tepehua.</p><br>
<p>To arrive at the resort, one must leave the highway and travel down an unpaved road that winds its way down the side of one of the canyon walls. At the bottom of the canyon, the vegetation changes from semi-desert to semi-tropical due to the abundance of water and the humid warmth the river and falls give to the place.</p><br>
<h2>The river</h2><br>
<p>The river in the canyon is also called Tolantongo. It is pleasantly warm, colored by mineral salts it picks up as it passes through the mountain. The water comes from a complex series of channels inside the mountain that heats the water to about 20 degrees Celsius. Much of this water dwells in niches in the rocky side of the canyon, which has a cooling effect. Another factor is that the water mixes with unheated water as it leaves the grottoes. The result is mostly tepid water outside the grottoes and in the river itself, good for swimming even on a cold day.</p><br>
<h2>The grottos</h2><br>
<p>There are two main grottos: the larger one from which the river flows and the “tunnel” above it on the same wall of the canyon. The larger grotto is classified as a karst cave, and was closed for a short time in 2004 due to a roof collapse. Inside this cave, the temperature rises noticeably and it is filled with stalactites and stalagmites. Just outside the main grotto are rimstone pools in which visitors can wallow in the shallow river as the water rushes past. The “tunnel” is called this due to its shape; narrow and about 15 meters long. Visitors inside the tunnel are showered by warm water that sprays out from the walls and ceiling. The temperature inside is similar to that of a steam bath. Inside one part there is a depression filled by a stream of water that one can swim in. This pool is filled with capriciously-shaped rocks. In both grottos, one can listen to the echoes of the waterfalls inside the mountain. It is possible to rappel from the various high domes in these two grottos, but it is still considered dangerous because of the wet walls and large amounts of water vapor in the air.</p><br>
<h2>Other features</h2><br>
<p>On various sections of the canyon walls are man-made semi-circular “chapoteaderos” or splashing pools, created by damming small warm springs. Most of these are shaded by trees, allowing tourists to bath in warm waters while overlooking the canyon at the same time.</p><br>
<p>Similar to the chapoteaderos, but created naturally, La Gloria is a set of three pools that run down one of the walls of the canyon. Curiously, the water is warm in the uppermost pool, cool in the middle pool and warm again in the bottom pool. Water falls all around these three pools in trickles and large streams. There are also camping and sanitary facilities by these pools.</p><br>
<h2>Management of resort area</h2><br>
<p>The resort does not have the usual managerial structure. The grottos and the resort belong to the “Socieded Cooperative Ejidal “Grutas Tolantongo””(Cooperative Ejido Society of the Tolantongo Grottos). This association was formed 30 years ago by the 112 families that own the ejido (a type of communal property) (Bowman), called San Cristobal. This ejido has about 5,200 hectares, with only 40 open to the public. All workers belong to these ejido families and dress similarly, no matter what their job. While certain jobs do pay more, these rotate among members. Each family gets a vote in the affairs of the ejido. The project was launched in the 1970s with neither outside expertise nor government help and still functions without outside resources. A percentage of the resort’s profits are reinvested back into the enterprise. While today the park and resort are well-run and tranquil, the enterprise had problems with drugs, violence and vandalism when it first began. Working with local authorities, they created barriers to control access and gained permission to carry firearms as deputies to patrol ejido land. Despite the problems and the lack of governmental help, the ejido association has managed to preserve much of the resort and the ejido land around it in its natural state.</p><br>
<p>Most of the canyon area is owned by the association but two ejidos share the area, each owning one side of the canyon. The side with La Gloria is owned by another ejido, La Mesa, and charges separately.</p><br>
<h2>Other information</h2><br>
<p>The resort is open every day with pools, a restaurant, grocery store and campgrounds in addition to the three hotels and campgrounds. Buses run from Mexico City to Ixmiquilpan. From there small buses run to Tolantongo. Public transport to the grottoes is infrequent, as most visitors arrive by car.</p><br>
<p>Abo Elementary School in Artesia, New Mexico, United States, was the first public school in the United States constructed entirely underground and equipped to function as an advanced fallout shelter.Designed at the height of the Cold War and completed in 1962, the school had a concrete slab roof which doubled as the school&#39;s playground. It contained a large storage facility with room for emergency rations and supplies for up to 2,160 people in the event of nuclear warfare or other catastrophe. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1999.</p><br>
<h2>Background</h2><br>
<p>Abo Elementary School was built partly to further the development of American fallout shelter design and to further knowledge about the long-term effects of life underground in a shelter environment. The US civil defense film Duck and Cover was produced with students in mind, in the hopes that they would learn how, in the event of a nuclear blast, to be shielded from glass and blast waves using desks and chairs. However, educators, school administrators, and government officials soon realized that such measures would be inadequate, especially if a school received a direct hit from an atomic blast or was within the immediate blast radius of the weapon. One official argued that his school district was "in no position to guarantee physical protection… from a thermonuclear explosion or radioactive fallout." Many state departments of education viewed the school shelter plans as "worthless". California&#39;s Department of Education, for example, was given designs intended to reduce radiation levels inside the school to 1/100 the level outdoors. These plans were rejected. When the California Department of Education then specified protection which would increase the protection factor to 1/1,000, it judged the costs to be too high, and the plans were rejected. Other departments of education and administrators rejected such plans because of their concern for the psychological well-being of their students, who, they believed, would be "constantly reminded of the possibility of a nuclear war" if kept in such a school for extended periods of time.</p><br>
<h2>Construction</h2><br>
<p>Building the Abo Elementary School required that it be constructed with concrete reinforcing walls and a concrete outer shell to protect the inner parts of the school. To fulfill all requirements, Abo contained multiple drinking-water wells, a cafeteria, food storage, bedding and supplies for up to 2,160 people, air-filtration systems, an emergency power-generation system, decontamination systems, carpet, and a morgue.</p><br>
<p>Architect Frank Standhardt, in designing the school said, "I consider my profession derelict on civil defense. Weve had ten years of grace and done nothing about it." Standhardt had built multiple aboveground windowless schools before Abo, believing them to positively influence pupils ability to concentrate. He also cited reduced maintenance costs since there were no windows. Construction cost estimates were inconsistent: a Time magazine article (September 5, 1960) quotes Standhardt as estimating the costs at 10% above the cost of an average above-ground school, while Loretta Hall in Underground Buildings: More than Meets the Eye. This school has carpet suggests a cost increase at 30 percent. Regardless, the USA Office of Civil Defense contributed the excess cost, assuming that it would benefit from any empirical testing performed on the students in the underground environment.</p><br>
<p>Standhardt designed the school in such a way as to make every element serve multiple purposes. To reduce cost of concrete, for example, the concrete shell roof of the school would double as a basketball court, and the drinking wells were designed to pump water into the air conditioning systems during peacetime. Two-way radio systems, Geiger counters, and fire fighting equipment were also built into the design.</p><br>
<h2>Cultural impact and criticism</h2><br>
<p>Within Artesia, Abo Elementary School was lauded by teachers and many parents. Teachers often described Abos students as less likely to cause trouble, more attentive, and less likely to require discipline. On the other hand, many of those same students described heightened awareness of the possibility of nuclear war, and some were terrified that they could be orphaned in the event of war. One of the most substantial fears raised by students involved the 2,160 person capacity of the school. In the event of a war, only the first 2,160 people would be allowed into the school for shelter, which would likely have left the majority of Artesias nearly 12,000 residents, including the parents of some of Abo&#39;s students, without any shelter in the event of a nuclear attack.</p><br>
<p>Outside of Artesia, Abo Elementary School was condemned by many councils and groups, some of whom rejected the concept of an underground school entirely. Notwithstanding, the President of Artesias Board of Education, C.P. Bunch, called the school "more a matter of insurance than fear", and expressed hope that future schools built in Artesia would follow its example. Federal studies concluded that the students suffered no long-term effects from their time in Abo, and many students who suffered from chronic allergies or asthma were transferred to Abo as its advanced air filtration systems reduced the impact of dust storms and allergens. Indeed, these studies concluded that many students health improved as a result of extended time in the school.</p><br>
<h2>Closure</h2><br>
<p>Abo Elementary School was shut down in 1995 as a result of increased maintenance costs, aging mechanical equipment and difficulties associated with removing asbestos insulation from the underground, windowless structure. A new school, Yeso Elementary School, was built next door and Abo was converted into a storage facility.</p><br>
<p>The Belknap Bridge  crosses the McKenzie River near the unincorporated community of Rainbow in Lane County, Oregon, United States. It is approximately three miles west of the town of McKenzie Bridge which is named after the bridge. It is the fourth covered bridge built on the site. The bridge is well maintained and open to traffic. The Belknap Bridge is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Lane County was the first in Oregon to build covered bridges on a large scale. Today, the county has more surviving covered bridges than any other county west of the Mississippi River, a total of 17 bridges, including 14 that are still open to traffic. There has been a covered bridge at the Belknap Bridge site since 1890 as four different bridge structures.</p><br>
<p>The original Belknap Bridge was built in 1890 by Mr. T. Thomson. It was named for a pioneer family that settled in the McKenzie River area, Rollin S. Belknap, who discovered and developed Belknap Springs approximately nine miles upstream from the bridge. His son, J. H. Belknap, was involved in promoting a toll road over McKenzie Pass in the early 1870s.</p><br>
<p>Traffic weakened the structure over time, so Lane County replaced it in 1911. The second bridge was replaced in 1939. That bridge, however, was destroyed in the Pacific Northwest flood of 1964. The current bridge opened in 1966. In 1975, louvered windows were added to the south side of the structure to improve the bridge&#39;s interior light. The bridge structure was strengthened and the exterior repaired in 1992. In 2002, a new roof was installed as part of a general bridge renovation project.</p><br>
<p>Because of its unique scenic beauty and its importance to Oregons transportation history, the Belknap Bridge was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979. Today, Lane Countys Engineering Division maintains the covered bridges that are open to traffic, including the Belknap Bridge.</p><br>
<h2>Structure</h2><br>
<p>The current Belknap Bridge was designed for Lane County by the Oregon Bridge Corporation of Springfield, Oregon, as a classic covered bridge. It is 120 ft long, containing a single span supported by a Howe truss system. Its maximum carrying capacity of 39 ST is to accommodate logging trucks. The bridge rests on two concrete foundation piers. Its wooden floor planks and shingled roof are in good condition, as is the weatherboard housing that protects the Howe truss infrastructure from the elements.</p><br>
<p>Most of Oregon&#39;s covered bridges, including the Belknap Bridge, were built using the Howe truss system, developed in 1840 by the Massachusetts architect William Howe. The system uses heavy timbers reinforced with iron or steel rods. The trusses have central beams and crossed timbers with adjustable, vertical iron rods to support the structural load.</p><br>
<p>The Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific Railroad Depot and Lunchroom are two buildings located in Wells, Minnesota and built by the Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific Railroad  in 1903.</p><br>
<p>The town of Wells was platted by a precursor to The Milwaukee Road in 1869. As the town grew, it became a junction, with one branch of the railroad continuing west toward Sioux Falls, South Dakota and a second branch going north toward Farmington, Minnesota. The railroad placed a railyard at Wells. In 1903, as railroad operations expanded, The Milwaukee Road built the present station out of brick. In addition, it also built the lunchroom (or "beanery") to serve the train crews as well as passengers and the town. The lunchroom was also built of brick and is located adjacent to the depot.</p><br>
<p>The depot is a single story, rectangular building with a passenger waiting area on one end and a freight room on the other. The agent&#39;s office was located between the two. The lunchroom is also a single story, rectangular building. It was altered from its original apprerance with the addition of a wood-frame room and garage. The lunchroom would have had a kitchen and dining area; however, at the time of nomination to the National Register of Historic Places, the lunchroom had already been sold to private individuals who converted it into a residence.</p><br>
<p>The depot served freight trains and mixed trains (combining both passengers and freight) as an office for the train crews and passenger ticket and waiting area. In the 1960s, as passenger service was terminated, the depot continued to serve the rail yard as an office.</p><br>
<p>After The Milwaukee Road went bankrupt and was sold to the Soo Line Railroad in 1985, the depot continued to be used. The Soo Line then sold this rail line to the Iowa, Chicago and Eastern Railroad (IC&E) (a subsidiary of the Dakota, Minnesota and Eastern Railroad). The IC&E continued to use the depot for its train crews until 2005, when it built new offices on the opposite side of the tracks.</p><br>
<p>In 2007, the Dakota, Minnesota and Eastern was merged into the Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR). The CPR planned to close the depot and demolish it as surplus. Instead the CPR sold the depot to the Wells Historical Society for a nominal sum. The Society restored the depot and opened it as a museum in 2010.</p><br>
<p>The depot and lunchroom were listed in the National Register due to their association with the development of the town of Wells and also for their association with the development of railroads in Minnesota.</p><br>
<p>Middlebury Gap, is a mountain pass in the Green Mountains of Vermont.</p><br>
<p>The height of land of the pass is located in Addison County.</p><br>
<p>On the southeast side of the height of land, the notch is drained by the Robbins Branch, thence into the Hancock Branch of the White River, which drains into the Connecticut River, and into Long Island Sound in Connecticut.</p><br>
<p>To the northwest, the notch is the source of the South Branch of the Middlebury River, which drains into Otter Creek, and into Lake Champlain.</p><br>
<p>Lake Champlain drains into the Richelieu River in Québec, thence into the Saint Lawrence River, and into the Gulf of Saint Lawrence.</p><br>
<p>The Long Trail, a 272-mile (438-km) hiking trail running the length of Vermont, crosses Middlebury Gap between 3,234 ft Worth Mountain, 2 mi to the south, and 3,323 ft Boyce Mountain, 2.5 mi to the north.</p><br>
<p>The Middlebury College Snow Bowl straddles the southern side of Middlebury Gap.</p><br>
<p>Yoshimi Hundred Caves is a cluster of Kofun period graves dug in artificial caves in a tuff cliff of located in Yoshimi, Saitama, in the northern Kantō region of Japan. It was designated as a National Historic Site on March 7, 1923. The Schistostega moss growing at the site was also designated as a Natural Monument of Japan on November 30, 1928.</p><br>
<h2>Background</h2><br>
<p>The cliff is located on the Yoshimi Hills, which connects to the Hiki Hills to the north. The burial caves, which actually number 219 and not one hundred, each have an opening approximately one meter square, with a narrow entrance tunnel leading to a larger chamber within, extending several meters into the hill. The graves extend in several rows running west to east along the face of the hill, with the entrances varying slightly in size due to the topography. Most have an elevated structure within the internal chamber, which may have originally held coffins or the bodies of those interred, and some chambers have multiple pedestals, indicating that the burial chamber were used for multiple burials. The entrances to the caves appear to have formerly been blocked by schist slabs.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The caves were first excavated in 1887 by Tsuboi Shōgorō, a professor at Tokyo Imperial University and one of the pioneers of Japanese archaeology and anthropology. Tsuboi found Jōmon period pottery fragments at the site as well, and postulated that the caves were originally dwellings for a race of people smaller than the modern Japanese, possibly the Koro-pok-guru people of Ainu legend, and were later converted into tombs by the invading Yamato peoples. However, his theory was challenged after further research in the 1920s, notably by Mitsutarō Shirai and other archaeologists, who argued that the structure of the caves and artifacts recovered were consistent with other late Kofun period tombs, and that there was no material evidence to indicate that the Koro-pok-guru were anything more than a folktale. As the largest grave cluster in Japan and was designated as a National Historic Monument on March 7, 1923.</p><br>
<p>Despite the protected status, about one tenth of the site was destroyed during the final days of World War II, when some of the caves were enlarged in order to create an underground aircraft engine factory for Nakajima Aircraft Company by some 3000-3500 Korean forced laborers. The war ended before the factory came into operation.</p><br>
<p>The site is partially open to the public and contains two museums. One is the Yoshimi Town Archaeological Museum, which displays some of the artifacts discovered as well as other items from the surrounding area. The other is a local history museum with a diorama of Sengoku period Matsuyama Castle, which formerly existed on the summit of a nearby hill.</p><br>
<p>The West Side Dom Polski is a meeting hall and social club located at 3426 Junction Street in Detroit, Michigan. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2007. It is now the Metro Life International Church.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In the 1870s, Polish immigrants began settling on the west side of Detroit. As the population grew, several Polish Catholic parishes were established, including St. Casimir (in 1882), St. Francis of Assisi (in 1889), St. Hedwig (in 1903), Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary (in 1911), and Our Lady Queen of Angels (in 1915). As in many other Polish-American neighborhoods, plans were made to establish a social and meeting hall called Dom Polski (Polish home).</p><br>
<p>On the West side of Detroit, these plans were developed in 1913 by two Polish social organizations, Lodge 649 of the St. Isadore Society and Lodge 1009 of the St. Cecila Society. Land for the Dom Polski was obtained, and the societies commissioned architect Joseph Julius Gwizdowski to design the building. The structure&#39;s first cornerstone was laid on July 5, 1917. However, the construction soon ran into financial difficulties, and the building was not completed until 1925.</p><br>
<p>When Poles moved from the west side neighborhood, many of the Polish Roman Catholic parishes were closed, and the Dom Polski changed hands. It has recently been used to house the Metro Life International Church and Scotty&#39;s Food and Cookies.</p><br>
<p>As of March 2008 it was up for sale; the property was described as being 20,181 ft&sup2, including a cat room, auditorium with seating for 400, bar, dance studio, basement kitchen, and 6-8 bathrooms.</p><br>
<p>As of September 2016 it is still for sale.</p><br>
<p>The Gethsemane Evangelical Lutheran Church is a church located at 4461 Twenty-Eighth Street in Detroit, Michigan. It was designated a Michigan State Historic Site in 1980 and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982. The building now houses the Motor City Missionary Baptist Church.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In the late 1800s, German-speaking immigrants began moving into southwest Detroit. The Zion Evangelical Lutheran Church on Military Street was established in 1882 to service this influx of people. The new congregation quickly swelled, and in 1890, the elders of Zion started a daughter congregation, commissioning the architectural firm of Spier & Rohns to design a wooden structure costing no more than $2000 to build. This building is the only known example of a wooden church designed by the firm.</p><br>
<p>The church was completed in 1891; a wooden parsonage was added the next year and a brick school was built in 1923. The latter two building are included in the city historical listing, while on the church is on the National and state listing.</p><br>
<p>The Gethsemane Evangelical Lutheran Church was built in 1891; the congregation used the building until 1976, when they went defunct. The building was purchased by the Motor City Missionary Baptist Church in 1978. The Motor City Baptist Church congregation was organized in 1967 by Rev. John W. Haynes and his wife Inez.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Gethsemane Evangelical Lutheran Church is a wooden, Carpenter Gothic chapel. It is frame construction with gables at the ends, a central tower, and vestibule in front. The original clapboard siding still clads the building, although white paint has replaced the original cream-and-gold with red-and-blue accent color scheme. Each side has five tall lancet-arched, stained-glass windows, and the eaves are trimmed with hollow curved brackets and a paneled frieze.</p><br>
<p>The interior is unusually well-preserved. The interior walls feature vertical board wainscoting, with the area above covered in cream painted canvas. The church organ is located on a rear balcony.</p><br>
<p>The altar from Gethsemane is now used by Christ our Savior Lutheran Church in Livonia, Michigan.</p><br>
<p>Admiralty Inlet  is a body of water in Nunavut&#39;s Qikiqtaaluk Region. It extends southerly from Lancaster Sound along the western shore of Baffin Island&#39;s Borden Peninsula. The hamlet of Arctic Bay is located on Uluksan Peninsula, a landform that juts into Admiralty Inlet south of Sirmilik National Park.</p><br>
<p>Several waterways extend from it, including Elwin Inlet, Baillarge Bay, Strathcona Sound, Victor Bay, Adams Sound, Levasseur Inlet, and Moffet Inlet, before it ends at Jungersen Bay. There are many islands within Admiralty Inlet including, Peter Richards Islands, Yeoman Island and Saneruarsuk Islands.</p><br>
<p>Admiralty Inlet sustains a large population of narwhals. Caribou, polar bears, and walrus frequent the area.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Admiralty Inlet was first charted by Admiral Sir Edward Parry in 1820.</p><br>
<p>Pilot Knob is the eroded core of an extinct volcano located 8 mi south of central Austin, Texas, near Austin-Bergstrom International Airport and McKinney Falls State Park.</p><br>
<h2>Introduction</h2><br>
<p>Pilot Knob is one of around 75 late-Cretaceous Period volcanic complexes scattered around Central Texas from Waco to Austin, San Antonio, and Del Rio. All of these volcanoes have been extinct for millions of years.</p><br>
<p>The Pilot Knob volcanic complex consists of four small, rounded hills (including Pilot Knob proper) forming the volcano&#39;s core area in an area two miles in diameter. The hills are composed of trap rock which is an erosion-resistant, fine-grained mafic volcanic rock. The complex rises above a circular lowland drained by Cottonmouth Creek and is underlain chiefly by volcanic ash and other pyroclastic debris. Several smaller bodies of trap rock occur in the volcanic ash. A topographic rim surrounding the Cottonmouth Creek lowland to the north is formed by sedimentary rock, mainly lithified beach sediments composed of shell fragments and reworked volcanic ash that accumulated in the shallow waters around the volcano.</p><br>
<h2>History of the volcano</h2><br>
<p>In late Cretaceous time, Central Texas was part of a vast marine shelf on which carbonate rocks were deposited with the entire area gradually subsiding as sediments were laid down. The volcano formed when magma worked its way to the surface and encountered water-laden, unconsolidated sediments with the existing water rapidly vaporizing into steam resulting in an enormous explosion that formed an explosion crater. Explosive eruptions continued at Pilot Knob as new magma encountered more water in the volcanic ash. Gradually, an ash cone was built up over the explosion crater. Eruptions of ash continued until the mound grew above the level of the shallow sea. Ash beds, now altered to clay, occur interbedded with limestone and marl of the Austin Group around Pilot Knob; these ash beds provide evidence for subaerial eruptions at Pilot Knob. The Pilot Knob ash cone eventually built an unstable slope on the sea bottom, resulting in mud flows of ash and carbonate mud which tore up the underlying carbonate mud in places and injected itself into the carbonate mud at other places. The subaerial Pilot Knob ash cone allowed the intrusion of magma into the mound without contact with sea water, resulting in quieter lava eruptions. Such magma cooled and solidified to form the core and satellite areas of the trap rock. Some of the trap rock bodies are the erosional remnants of lava flows, due to their apparent dip away from the central core area. Cooling joints exposed on a hill about 1,500 ft west of Pilot Knob suggest a dip of that trap rock body towards the center of the core area, possibly indicating that it is the erosional remnant of a cone sheet injected outwards from a central, discordant intrusive body of magma. Exposures at other bodies of trap rock are not generally good enough to determine their exact emplacement, but some, at least, are probably plugs of solidified intrusive magma. Magnetic anomalies on the northeast flank of the core area suggest a buried trap rock body within the ash mound, possibly a cone sheet or lava flow.</p><br>
<p>As volcanic activity diminished, beaches developed around the volcano. One such beach deposit, now lithified and resistant to erosion, extends several miles to the north of the volcano. It appears along Onion Creek, where it is responsible for both Upper and Lower McKinney Falls. The entire shelf continued to subside after volcanic activity ceased, and muds of the Taylor Group gradually covered the entire volcano. During the Tertiary era, the central Texas area was uplifted, exposing the volcano as younger sedimentary rocks were eroded from the Cretaceous volcanic rocks. Today the terrain at Pilot Knob reflects the relative resistance to erosion of the different rock types that appear around the volcanic complex.</p><br>
<h2>Dating the volcanic activity</h2><br>
<p>Two different approaches have been used by geologists to date the volcanism at Pilot Knob. The first approach was through the stratigraphy of the rocks at and around Pilot Knob and the fossils they contain. The second approach was by isotopic age dating of the igneous rocks. The two means are very different, but supplement each other nicely.</p><br>
<h3>Stratigraphy</h3><br>
<p>The volcano at Pilot Knob exerted a profound influence on the stratigraphy of the Upper Cretaceous sedimentary rocks of the Austin area. The volcanism occurred during the deposition of the upper part of the Dessau and the Burditt formations of the Austin Chalk. These strata are only about one-third as thick near Pilot Knob as they are in other localities around Austin. The faunal zones of the two formations, that is zones within the formations where certain fossils are particularly abundant, are also telescoped in the vicinity of Pilot Knob. Two beds of altered ash occur within the Dessau Formation on Rinard Creek near Pilot Knob. The exact relationship of the beach rock of the northern flank of Pilot Knob with the normal Austin Chalk has been demonstrated to be part of the Exponderosa erraticosta zone, although it may extend down to an age equivalent to the upper part of the Dessau in some areas along Onion Creek. The beach rock is now known as the McKown Formation of the Austin Chalk. Because the volcanism at Pilot Knob occurred during the deposition of the Dessau and Burditt Formations, an age of Lower Campanian (83 to 79 million years BP) can be interpreted for the volcanism according to the ages of the formations in the Austin Chalk, correlated to radiometric dated sections in the Rocky Mountain Region.</p><br>
<h3>Isotopic age</h3><br>
<p>The potassium-argon method was utilized to determine the age of volcanism at Pilot Knob. This method is based upon the decay of the radioactive isotope of potassium (potassium 40) to argon 40, an isotope of argon, an inert gas. By knowing the concentration of potassium in a rock mineral and the amount of argon gas produced by radioactive decay trapped within the minerals, an age can be assigned to the rock because the decay rate of potassium 40 to argon 40 is known from experimental work. The age of Pilot Knob volcanism dated through the potassium-argon method is 79.5 +/- 3 million years, and agrees with the age derived by correlation with fossils to other radiometrically dated deposits.</p><br>
<h2>Source of the magma</h2><br>
<p>The igneous rocks of the Pilot Knob volcano have not, as yet, undergone rigorous petrological study, although such studies are in progress. Similar rocks near Uvalde, Texas, of about the same age, have been studied. The Uvalde rocks are of the same igneous province as the Pilot Knob rocks; both are centers in a chain of volcanic and intrusive complexes that parallel the buried Ouachita structural belt in central and south Texas. The Ouachita belt may have provided a zone of crustal weakness where magma could rise from great depths through the crust to the surface.</p><br>
<p>Two types of magma have been determined to have generated in the Earth&#39;s upper mantle by partial melting of mantle rocks. One of these magma types is basaltic in composition, composed of plagioclase, titanium-rich pyroxene, and olivine. The other magma type crystallized to nepheline, melilite, pyroxene, and, in some of the rocks, plagioclase. Some nepheline-bearing igneous rocks contain rounded inclusions of spinel peridotite, an ultramafic rock that may represent fragments of the upper mantle incorporated into the magma during its ascent to the surface. Most of the igneous rocks on the surface probably are not representative of the original magmas formed in the mantle; certain processes, such as separation of phenocrysts from the liquid from which they crystallized have altered their original chemical compositions at depths shallower than the mantle.</p><br>
<p>By inference, the rocks at Pilot Knob crystallized from partial melts of the upper mantle. Only rocks of the second series have been discovered at Pilot Knob; no basaltic rocks have been located. No mantle fragments have been located in Pilot Knob igneous rocks, but their presence is suspected, and some of the olivine phenocrysts in the rocks may be fragments derived from the upper mantle.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>Pilot Knob can be reached by driving out Highway 183 past Austin-Bergstrom International Airport. The hill is visible on the right after crossing Onion Creek. A circuit of the volcanic complex can be made by turning right off Highway 183 onto Dee Gabriel Collins Road and heading west to the intersection with McKinney Falls Parkway. Turn left and follow the Parkway to the intersection with Colton Bluff Springs Road, where a left turn leads back to Highway 183. Dee Gabriel Collins closely follows the northern topographic rim of the volcano formed by the escarpment of the Cretaceous beach rock. The lowland is drained by Cottonmouth Creek and underlain by soft, easily eroded volcanic ash and other pyroclastic deposits, and the central core area formed by the resistant trap rock are easily visible to the south of Dee Gabriel Collins. About 2/3 of a mile east of the intersection of Bluff Springs Road with McKinney Falls Parkway, the trap rock of south Pilot Knob crops out along the road. This rock is very similar to that which forms the center of the volcano, and may represent the eroded remnant of a lava flow erupted along the flanks of the volcano or having flowed down the south side from the apex.</p><br>
<p>Except for the road margins, Pilot Knob volcano lies entirely on private land.</p><br>
<p>Tell Ishchali is an archaeological site in Diyala Province . It is thought to be ancient Nerebtum or Kiti and was part of the city-state of Eshnunna. It was occupied during the Old Babylonian period.</p><br>
<h2>Ancient name</h2><br>
<p>At first, the site of Ishchali was thought to be Khafajah. Upon discovery there of a date formula that read "year that king Ishme-Bali built the great wall of Nerebtum", that designation became popular. Currently, scholarly opinion is split between Nerebtum and Kiti as the result of many tablets from the temple of Inanna of Kiti being analyzed. The name of Sadlas has also been proposed.</p><br>
<h2>History of archaeological research</h2><br>
<p>Items from illegal excavations at Ishchali began appearing on the open market in the 1920s, including many clay tablets. To pre-empt this activity, the Iraq expedition of the Oriental Institute of Chicago conducted two seasons of excavations there in 1934 and 1935. The expedition was led by Henri Frankfort and the work at Ishchali was handled by Thorkild Jacobsen and Harold Hill, all of the Oriental Institute.</p><br>
<h2>Tell Ishchali and its environment</h2><br>
<p>The site lies about 3 mi south and 7 mi east of the modern city of Baghdad and 15 mi southeast of Eshnunna on the Diyala River, a tributary of the Tigris. The main tell at Ishchali measures roughly 600 x. There are also small mounds to the north and south of it. The entire site covers around 23 hectare.</p><br>
<h2>History of occupation</h2><br>
<p>Surface finds indicate that Ishchali may have been occupied as far back as the Akkadian period, but all excavated epigraphic evidence dates to the Old Babylonian period. While some tablets mention early local rulers, for most of the known history of Ishchali kings from Eshnunna held sway there, including Ipiq-Adad and Ibal-pi-El.</p><br>
<p>The most notable feature of Ishchali is the main temple. It was that of Inanna-Kitium, or Inanna of Kiti. It is one of the largest temples ever found in the ancient Near East. Rebuilt several times, always following the original plan, the monumental building consisted of one large upper temple and two smaller areas which are thought to be shrines. The many tablets found there give an excellent picture of temple life. A number of cylinder seals dating from the Early Dynastic to the Larsa period were also found there, assumed to be relic donations to the temple.</p><br>
<h2>Material culture</h2><br>
<p>Of the 280 tablets excavated, 138 went to the Oriental Institute with the remaining 142 assigned to the Iraq Museum. The tablets illegally excavated from Ishchali are in many locations including the Lowie Museum of Anthropology at Berkeley, the Musée dArt et dHistoire in Geneva, Iraq Museum, Oriental Institute, and the Free Library of Philadelphia.</p><br>
<p>The low tells at Abu Salabikh, around 20 km northwest of the site of ancient Nippur in Al-Qādisiyyah Governorate, Iraq mark the site of a small Sumerian city of the mid third millennium BCE, with cultural connections to the cities of Kish, Mari and Ebla. Its contemporary name is uncertain: perhaps this was Eresh. Kesh has also been suggested. The Euphrates was the citys highway and lifeline; when it shifted its old bed, in the middle third millennium BCE, the city dwindled away. Only eroded traces remain on the sites surface of habitation after the Early Dynastic Period.</p><br>
<h2>Archaeology</h2><br>
<p>Abu Salabikh was excavated by an American expedition from the Oriental Institute of Chicago led by Donald P. Hansen in 1963 and 1965 for a total of 8 weeks, finding around 500 tablets and fragments.</p><br>
<p>The site was a British concern after 1975, under the direction of Nicholas Postgate for the British School of Archaeology in Iraq (1975–89), after which excavations were suspended with the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait in 1990; "plans to resume fieldwork have now been abandoned in the light of current political conditions" Postgate reports. The city, built on a rectilinear plan in Early Uruk times, revealed a small but important repertory of cuneiform texts on some 500 tablets, of which the originals were stored in the Iraq Museum, Baghdad, and were largely lost when the museum was looted in the early stages of the Second Iraq War; fortunately they had been carefully published. Texts, comparable in date and content with texts from Shuruppak (modern Fara, Iraq) included school texts, literary texts, word lists, and some administrative archives, as well as the Instructions of Shuruppak, a well-known Sumerian "wisdom text of which the Abu Salabikh tablet is the oldest copy. A list of deities includes the oldest known mention of the Semitic god Baʿal. Postgates interdisciplinary approach was integrated under the broad aim of describing the daily life of a small Sumerican city, down to the lives of the simplest illiterate inhabitants.</p><br>
<p>Mount Rutford is a sharp peak that rises to 4,477 m and marks the highest point on Craddock Massif in the Sentinel Range, Ellsworth Mountains. The peak stands just north of Bugueño Pinnacle and 2.1 mi north of Mount Craddock, with which this naming is associated. Prior to 2006 the peak had no name, but was visually identified by Camilo Rada and Damien Gildea as being higher than Mt Craddock, during their time on the summits of both Vinson  and Craddock . Thus they returned in 2006 and, as part of a larger GPS program, measured the height of this unnamed peak.</p><br>
<p>As a result of the new GPS data and a new 1:100,000 topographical map being produced by the Omega Foundation, the peak was then named in 2006 by US-ACAN after Robert Hoxie Rutford, member of J. Campbell Craddock’s University of Minnesota geological expedition to Ellsworth Mountains, 1962–63; leader, University of Minnesota expedition to Ellsworth Mountains, 1963–64; Director, Division of Polar Programs, NSF, 1975–77; President of SCAR (Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research).</p><br>
<h2>Maps</h2><br>
<p>Scale 1:250 000 topographic map. Reston, Virginia: US Geological Survey, 1988.</p><br>
<p>St. Paul&#39;s Reformed Church is a historic church located at Startown, Catawba County, North Carolina.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>1759 - 1903</h3><br>
<p>St. Pauls Reformed Church dates its beginning to 1759. In that year, a German Reformed congregation and a Lutheran congregation, worshipping in the same building, called their first pastor: the Rev. James Martin, a Swiss Reformed pastor. These German immigrants who made up the two congregations had arrived in this country seeking religious freedom and economic relief. The historic St. Pauls Church building was built in 1818 and is the oldest church structure west of the Catawba River.</p><br>
<h3>1904 - 1974</h3><br>
<p>This Reformed/Lutheran, union-church arrangement continued until 1904 when the Reformed congregation decided to relocate a few miles away to the Startown Community to be closer to the homes of its members. In Startown the Reformed congregation constructed a Victorian / Late Gothic Revival-style, one room church building. At this point in its history, St. Paul&#39;s was part of a four-church charge.</p><br>
<p>In 1937 The Reformed Church joined with the Evangelical Synod to form the Evangelical and Reformed Church. The Startown congregation was then referred to as St. Paul&#39;s E&R Church.</p><br>
<h3>1975–present</h3><br>
<p>In 1974, the congregation relocated again, one-half mile from the 1904 church, and built a new facility. The two-church arrangement continued with Bethel Church until 1978 when the St. Paul&#39;s congregation began supporting a full-time pastor on its own.</p><br>
<p>The congregation is nondenominational.</p><br>
<p>Two of the former buildings used by St. Paul&#39;s still stand today: the one constructed in the early 1800s (Old Conover Road, Newton) and the Victorian-style structure (Startown Road and Dove Street, Newton). Both of these older buildings are registered historic landmarks.</p><br>
<p>The St. Paul&#39;s Reformed Church at Startown was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.</p><br>
<p>Mudeungsan is a mountain in South Korea. It extends over the district of Buk-gu in the city of Gwangju, Hwasun County and Damyang County in the province of Jeollanam-do. Mudeungsan has an elevation of 1,187 m. Mudeungsan is a part of Mudeungsan National Park, which gained national park status in 2012. The summit of Mudeungsan is named Cheonwang summit. However, after being designated as a protection zone for air force military installations, the highest spot climbers can ascend without special permission is Seoseokdae Rock at an elevation of 1,100 m .</p><br>
<p>Looking from the summit, Hallasan in Jejudo, and Geojedo in Namhae, Gyeongsangnam-do Province can be seen.</p><br>
<h2>Name</h2><br>
<p>The mountain was known as "Moo Ak" or "Moo Jin Ak" due to its location in Moo Jin Joo, the former name for Gwangju. As most of the big mountain ranges are related to shamanism, it was also called "the Grave Mountain" or "the Shaman Mountain". The Moodeungsan range is primally composed of soil rather than rocks. It was called "Seo Seok" mountain during the Goryeo dynasty. It was after the introduction to Buddhism in Korea that it was called "Moodeung san". People believed the grand tower of the mountain cannot be compared to the mankind. This is interpreted through understanding the roots of the name through Chinese "Hanja." The name comes from Gwangju&#39;s original name, Moodeul or Moodol. The "Jin" in Moojin is read through the Chinese roots in characters, but in the past, Deul or Dol is read through native roots in Korean. Moo Deung is also similar transliteration. There is also a placed called "Soo Ip ee" so there are more circumstantial evidences.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>On 22 May 1972, Mudeungsan was designated as a provincial park. On 29 April 1974, the government notified a basic park plan (the 61st notification of Jeollanamdo). On 1 September 1987, the government installed the Mudeungsan Park Administrative Office. On 24 September 1998, the government established a comprehensive plan about conservation and use of Mudeungsan. On 7 December 2001, the government changed the basic park plan. On 24 December 2010, the city of Gwangju filed a petition to the minister of environment to designate Mudeungsan as a national park. On 31 December 2012, Mudeungsan was designated as a national park. On 4 March 2013, the government installed Mudeungsan national park office and east office. On 3 December 2015, the government notified withdrawal of military bases.</p><br>
<h2>Provincial and national park</h2><br>
<p>Mudeungsan was designated as a provincial park in 1972. It is located at the city of Gwangju, Hwasun County and Damyang County. It has a total area of 30.23 km&sup2; In 2012, it was designated as a national park, expanded to a total area of 75.425 km&sup2;. However, Gwangju lake area and some cultural areas were excluded from national park, due to the opposition from local government and residents.</p><br>
<h2>Natural monument</h2><br>
<p>Mudeungsan Jusangjeolli Cliff is protected as natural monument 465.</p><br>
<p>There are many valuable animals such as otters, wildcats, buzzards and Mandarin ducks, designated as endangered at Mudeungsan. In addition, there are many cultural heritages.</p><br>
<h2>Summits</h2><br>
<p>In 2011, after 45 years of being restricted by the military, Inwang summit and Jiwang summit were opened to the public. However, Cheongwang summit remained closed due to air defense facilities. Only those identified and approved by the military after learning about security-related subjects from can go there. It was opened twice in 2011; quarterly in 2012 and 2013; once in 2014; and three times in 2015.</p><br>
<h2>Environment</h2><br>
<p>The Sobaek Mountains are the main range of Mudeungsan. Mudeungsan has a gradual descent toward the ground. Average temperature for the year is 13.2 &deg;C which is 5 &deg;C (9 &deg;F) below that of downtown of Gwangju. Average rainfall for the year is about 1,500 mm, which is more than 200 mm above what is received in downtown Gwangju. The sky is clear 53 days per year.</p><br>
<h2>Tourist attractions</h2><br>
<p>Soswaewon Garden</p><br>
<p>Songgangjeong Pavilion</p><br>
<p>Myeonangjeong Pavilion</p><br>
<p>Sigyeongjeong Pavilion</p><br>
<p>Hwanbyeokdang Pavilion</p><br>
<p>Unjusa Temple</p><br>
<p>Ssangbongsa Temple</p><br>
<p>Chuwolsan Mountain</p><br>
<p>The Gilbert House is a small historic residence in the city of Worthington, Ohio, United States. Constructed in the 1820s and later moved to the present location, it has been named a historic site.</p><br>
<p>Ezra Gilbert and his wife were among Worthingtons earlier settlers, and they lived in the community into their old age. Events on their sixtieth anniversary in 1888 prompted Mrs. Gilbert to help fund a rectory for the nearby St. Johns Episcopal Church. In the 1840s, they moved into the present house, which had been built in the 1820s; originally located elsewhere, it was relocated to the present site. Its new location made it a neighbor of St. John&#39;s Episcopal Church, as well as of the Worthington School, constructed in 1874 immediately to the west; Kilbourne Middle School now occupies the site. It later become home to the families of Travis Scott and James Ventresca.</p><br>
<p>The Gilberts&#39; house is a small building without a specific architectural style. Covered with shingles, the walls rise to an asphalt roof and sit on a stone foundation. The front of the house rises to a shallow gable, while to the rear, the roof becomes less steep before pivoting 90° and becoming perpendicular to the roof of the rest of the house. The overall design creates an appearance resembling a saltbox, although modifications have been made since construction.</p><br>
<p>In April 1980, the Gilbert House was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, qualifying because of its historically significant architecture, for the building is a little-modified example of worker housing from the early nineteenth century. It was one of approximately twenty Worthington locations added to the National Register together as part of a multiple property submission. The house also lies within the boundaries of the Register-listed Worthington Historic District.</p><br>
<p>The parish of Trinity Church, Elmira, New York was founded in 1833. Trinity Church is a parish of the Chemung District of the Episcopal Diocese of Central New York, centered in Syracuse, New York. The present structure of Trinity Church is located at 304 North Main Street, Elmira, New York. Designed by architect Henry Dudley, the church was built from 1855 through 1858. It is significant for its Gothic Revival architecture. The church was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2007.</p><br>
<p>The first recorded Episcopal service in Elmira was conducted by the Right Reverend Benjamin Treadwell Onderdonk, D.D., Bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of New York on May 16, 1832. Services were again held in Elmira in 1833 conducted by James D. Carder early in the year and by Daniel E. Brown in May. James D. Carders report given to the 1833 New York Diocesan Convention in New York City stated, "n Elmira, Tioga county, he performed divine service several times previous to the middle of July; and on the 12th of June organized a parish by the name of Trinity Church. He has for some tome looked to that place with much interest, and now contemplates with thanksgiving to God the sure foundation which he believes is there laid for the Church. On the last Lords day, he had the satisfaction of administering the holy Communion for the first time in that parish. Thirteen communicated, and one was repelled." There were also reported to be three children baptized and one marriage in the parish that year. Trinity Church was incorporated as a parish on June 12, 1833 under the supervision of James D. Carder. The Rev. Thomas Clark is listed as the first rector.</p><br>
<p>Trinity&#39;s worship services began simply in a school house where Park Church stands today. As stated by Rev. Clark that Fall in his report to the 1833 Diocesan Convention, "I arrived in Elmira as Missionary to that place on the 20th of July last, and found a small but zealous company of Episcopalians, who received me with the most lively pleasure as their Missionary. Some of them had lived without the services of their Church for several years, not having heard an Episcopal minister at Elmira more than three or four times previously to my arrival. I have commence preaching in the District School Room, which I generally have nearly fill; and it is probable, if we had a church, there would many more attend." As parish membership grew, a need for larger quarters was evident. With comparatively little money, but the commitment of time, energy and building materials from the Church family, a new church edifice was completed in December 1836 at Church Street and Railroad Avenue. The church was consecrated on the morning of Sunday, August 27, 1837 by Rt. Rev. Benjamin Treadwell Onderdonk, D.D.</p><br>
<p>The present building at Church and Main Streets was designed by Henry Dudley of New York and built by Nichols and Washburn. The cornerstone for the present structure "...was laid with impressive ceremonies," by Right Rev. William Heathcote DeLancey on July 26, 1855. The first service was held in this structure on July 4, 1858 after it was completed. The church building was consecrated by The Right Reverend Arthur Cleveland Coxe, D.D., Bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of Western New York in services held on April 5, 1866, after the construction debt was discharged.</p><br>
<p>The Arnot Memorial Chapel was designed by architect Richard M. Upjohn, its cornerstone was laid in 1880. The chapel was consecrated on November 28, 1882 by Right Reverend Frederic Dan Huntington, Bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of Central New York. The Chapel was built with donations from Mariana Tuttle Arnot-Ogden as a memorial to her parents, John Arnot and Harriet Arnot, her sister, Aurelia Arnot, and her husband, William B. Ogden. The principal window over the chancel was designed to symbolically represented the four people whom the chapel memorialized. This window was designed and executed by stained glass craftsman Donald MacDonald of Boston, Massachusetts. The decoration of the interior of the Chapel was designed and executed by Cyrus L. W. Eidlitz of New York City. The chapel having been deconsecrated, the building now serves many other purposes for the parish.</p><br>
<h2>Rectors of Trinity</h2><br>
<p>The Rev. Thomas Clark - July 20, 1833 - 1836</p><br>
<p>The Rev. Richard Smith - February 29, 1836 - May 1838</p><br>
<p>The Rev. Gordon Winslow - June 1838 - June 1841</p><br>
<p>The Rev. Kendrick Metcalf, D.D. - 1841 - 1842</p><br>
<p>The Rev. Stephen Douglas - 1842 -1844</p><br>
<p>The Rev. Washington VanZandt - February 1844 - February 1847</p><br>
<p>The Rev. Benjamin Williams Whitcher - April 1847 - June 1849</p><br>
<p>The Rev. Dr. Andrew D. Hull, D.D. - July 1849 - 1866</p><br>
<p>The Rev. William Paret - 1866 - April 1869</p><br>
<p>The Rev. George H. McKnight, D.D. - July 1869 - 1905</p><br>
<p>The Rev. Charles McKnight - 1906 - September 1911</p><br>
<p>The Rev. Herbert L. Hannah - December 1911 - January 1917</p><br>
<p>The Rev. Henry E. Hubbard - June 1917 - August 1953</p><br>
<p>The Rev. David Kingman - September 1953 December 1974</p><br>
<p>The Rev. John C. Humphries, Jr. - September 1975 - December 1997</p><br>
<p>The Rev. Dr. William C. Lutz - September 1999–present</p><br>
<p>Old Brick Church, once known as First Presbyterian or North Presbyterian, is a church in Iowa City, Iowa. One of the few surviving pre-Civil War structures in Iowa City, Old Brick was built in 1856 at the site of an older Presbyterian church that had burned. Its steeple was demolished in an 1877 wind storm, it was rebuilt with a crenellated belfry, giving it a distinctive appearance. Last used as a church in 1970, Old Brick was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973 as North Presbyterian Church. In 1974 the University of Iowa purchased the property and intended to demolish the church to make way for a parking lot, but public protest prevented the demolition. This public protest manifested in the formation of Friends of Old Brick, the organization that purchased the structure in 1977. Old Brick changed ownership again in 1987, when Old Brick Episcopal Lutheran Corporation  purchased the building. Old Brick now thrives as a community center, hosting such diverse events as weddings, memorials, religious services, academic lectures, humanitarian fundraisers, and dance lessons. Old Brick also houses several non-profit offices.</p><br>
<p>The Cathedral Hill Historic District is an area in Baltimore, Maryland. It lies in the northern part of Downtown just south of Mount Vernon. Roughly bounded by Saratoga Street, Park Avenue, Hamilton Street, and St. Paul Street, these 10 or so blocks contain some of the most significant buildings in Baltimore. The area takes its name from the Basilica of the Assumption which sits in the heart of the district. Despite the number of large religious structures in the area, the district&#39;s buildings are primarily commercial in character, with a broad collection of significant commercial structures ranging in date from 1790 to 1940.</p><br>
<p>Cathedral Hill contains a mix of architectural styles from Georgian of St. Paul&#39;s Rectory to Art Deco along Charles Street. The area was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1987.</p><br>
<h2>Notable buildings</h2><br>
<p>Basilica of the Assumption</p><br>
<p>First Unitarian Church</p><br>
<p>Franklin Street Presbyterian Church</p><br>
<p>Old St. Paul&#39;s Episcopal Church</p><br>
<p>St. Paul&#39;s Rectory</p><br>
<h2>Images</h2><br>
<p>The Raid on Souda Bay was an Italian Royal Navy small craft assault on Souda Bay, Crete, during the first hours of 26 March 1941. The Royal Navy heavy cruiser and the Norwegian tanker Pericles were disabled by Italian motor launches and eventually lost.</p><br>
<h2>Background</h2><br>
<p>Souda is a naturally protected harbor on the northwest coast of the island. It had been chosen as a target by the Decima Flottiglia MAS months before because of the almost continuous Allied naval activity there. Air reconnaissance had spotted a number of naval and auxiliary steamers at anchor in Souda Bay, Crete.</p><br>
<p>On 25 March 1941, the Italian destroyers Crispi and Sella departed from Leros island in the Aegean at night, each one carrying three 2 LT motor assault boats of the Decima known as Motoscafo da Turismo (MT). Each MT (nicknamed barchino - "little boat") carried a 300 kg explosive charge inside its bow. The MTs were specially equipped to make their way through obstacles such as torpedo nets. The pilot would steer the assault craft on a collision course at his target ship, and then would jump from his boat before impact and warhead detonation.</p><br>
<h2>The attack</h2><br>
<p>At 23:30, the MT were released by the destroyers 10 mi off Souda. Once inside the bay, the six boats, under the command of Lieutenant Luigi Faggioni, identified their targets: the heavy cruiser HMS York, a large tanker (the Norwegian Pericles of 8,300 LT), another tanker and a cargo ship. At 4:46, two MTs hit HMS York amidships, flooding her aft boilers and magazines, and the ship was beached by her own crew to avoid capsizing. Two seamen were killed by the explosions. Pericles was severely damaged and settled on the bottom, while the other tanker and the cargo ship were sunk, according to Italian sources. According to British reports, the other barchini apparently missed their intended targets, and one of them ended stranded on the beach. The anti-aircraft guns of the base opened fire randomly, believing that the base was under air attack.</p><br>
<p>All six of the Italian seamen: Luigi Faggioni, Alessio de Vito, Emilio Barberi, Angelo Cabrini, Tullio Tedeschi and Lino Beccati, were captured.</p><br>
<h2>Aftermath</h2><br>
<p>HMS York was disabled. After a salvage operation involving a submarine dispatched from Alexandria was abandoned, she was wrecked with demolition charges by her crew before the German capture of Crete, while Pericles, taken in tow by destroyers, sank on 14 April 1941 en route to Alexandria during a gale.</p><br>
<p>The sinking of HMS York was the source of a controversy between the Regia Marina and the Luftwaffe over credit for her sinking. The matter was resolved by British war records and by the ship&#39;s own war log, captured by Italian naval officers who boarded the half-sunk cruiser.</p><br>
<p>After the war, the hull of HMS York was towed to Bari and scrapped there by an Italian shipbreaker in March 1952.</p><br>
<p>The F. W. Woolworth Company Building is a historic department store building located in downtown Wilmington, Delaware.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>From 1940 to 1997, the F. W. Woolworth Company operated the store, this location being one of the last to close. The building then housed a Happy Harrys drug store and pharmacy for several years until that company was purchased by Walgreens in 2007. Walgreens continues to operate the acquired Happy Harrys stores, including the Market Street store, under the Happy Harry&#39;s name. The building was purchased by a subsidiary of BPG Property Group in 2008 who now leases the location back to Walgreens.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Designed by company architect H. W. Stakes, the art deco building uses steel frame construction with a masonry curtain wall. The facade on the 2nd and 3rd stories displays alternating peach and cream vertical stripes of terra cotta tile with lotus motifs. The building has a grey medallion with a raised "W" on the chamfered corner on 9th and Market.</p><br>
<p>When a Woolworth&#39;s store, the interior had two sales floors, the current ground floor and the bargain basement. The escalators to the basement floor are still visible in the store.</p><br>
<p>In 1959, Woolworth added a third story which appeared in the original blue prints. BPG has plans to renovate the building&#39;s upper floors and to add an additional two stories to the building for use as apartments.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The building stands at the shopping intersection of 9th and Market streets a block off Rodney Square at the heart of the central business district. Woolworths also operated another store four blocks away at 504 Market Street. That second location now houses the Delaware History Museum.</p><br>
<p>Berlinguet Inlet is a body of water within the Qikiqtaaluk Region of Nunavut, Canada. It runs west-east at Admiralty Inlet&#39;s southern end, separated from Berlinguet Bay, which opens into the Gulf of Boothia, by a 1.5 km isthmus. Baffin Island&#39;s Brodeur Peninsula is to the north.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Characterized by sedge, grass meadows, and a freshwater lake, the inlet area is 11,141 km&sup2; in size, and rises to an elevation of 300 m above sea level.</p><br>
<h2>Fauna</h2><br>
<p>Berlinguet Inlet is a Canadian Important Bird Area site (#NU066). The Canadian Wildlife Service has also classified the area as a Key Habitat Site for migratory birds. Notable species include fulmar, gull, peregrine falcon, sea duck, and tern. The C. c. atlanticus (greater snow goose) population in Berlinguet Inlet is the second largest in Canada.</p><br>
<p>Bearded seals, ringed seals, and polar bears frequent the area.</p><br>
<p>The Church Street Historic District is a national historic district located in Saranac Lake  in Franklin County, New York. It extends roughly along Church Street from Main Street to St. Bernard Street. It comprises twenty-seven buildings including three churches, a medical laboratory, ten homes, two libraries, and six cure cottages, most built between the late 1870s and 1900.</p><br>
<p>Church Street is one of the five original streets of the village, connecting River Street to Main Street. Most of the buildings have features reflecting their use as cure cottages by residents suffering from tuberculosis, especially the "cure porches" where patients were exposed daily, year round, to as much fresh air as possible.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992.</p><br>
<p>Douglas County Courthouse is a historic courthouse at 6754 West Broad Street in Douglasville, Georgia, United States.</p><br>
<p>The courthouse was built in 1956, after the 1896 courthouse burned down. It was built where three prior courthouses originally stood. It was designed in the International Style by Harry E. Roos, Jr. of Southern Engineering.</p><br>
<p>In 1998, after the opening of the new courthouse, it was set for disposal. However, the local Tourism and History Commission was able to convince the county government to keep it. It became the Douglas County Museum of History and Art. On October 24, 2002, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Douglas County Museum of History and Art</h2><br>
<p>Established in 1999, the Douglas County Museum of History and Art features rotating exhibits of mid-20th century history, reflecting the courthouses era, and exhibits of local history. Themes include Native Americans, pioneer life, the American Civil War, the history of Douglasville, area veterans, black education, farm life and early medicine. The museums special collections of American pop culture include lunchboxes, record players, Coca-Cola items and television lamps.</p><br>
<p>The Bellanca Airfield was an airfield, aircraft plant, and service hangar built in 1928 by Giuseppe Bellanca and Henry B. DuPont in New Castle, Delaware. Located off Route 273 near the Delaware River, the plant produced approximately 3000 aircraft before closing in 1954.</p><br>
<p>The only surviving part of the airfield is the former Air Service, Inc. hangar, which was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2005.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Giuseppe Mario Bellanca immigrated from Italy in 1912 and continued his passion for aircraft design in the United States. His aircraft achieved numerous endurance and efficiency records. His $25,000 WB-2 monoplane, Columbia, was the first choice of Charles Lindbergh for his trans-Atlantic flight after, on April 25, 1927, Clarence Chamberlin and Bert Acosta set the world endurance record for aircraft, staying aloft circling New York City for 51 hours, 11 minutes, and 25 seconds and covering 4,100 miles, more than the 3,600 mile from New York to Paris. Time magazine reported on April 25, 1927:</p><br>
<p>Engineer Giuseppe M. Bellanca of the Columbia Aircraft Corporation had conditioned an elderly yellow-winged monoplane with one Wright motor, and scouted around for pilots. Lieut. Leigh Wade, round-the-world flyer, declined the invitation, saying Mr. Bellancas plans were too stunt-like, not scientific. Shrugging, Mr. Bellanca engaged Pilots Clarence Duncan Chamberlin and burly Bert Acosta, onetime auto speedster, to test his ships endurance. Up they put from Mitchel Field, Long Island, with 385 gallons of ethylated (high power) gasoline. All day they droned back and forth over suburbia, circled the Woolworth Building, hovered over Hadley Field, New Jersey, swung back to drop notes on Mitchell Field. All that starry night they wandered slowly around the sky, and all the next day, and through the next night, a muggy, cloudy one. Newsgatherers flew up alongside to shout unintelligible things through megaphones. Messrs. Acosta and Chamberlain were looking tired and oil-blobbed. They swallowed soup and sandwiches, caught catnaps on the mattressed fuel tank, while on and on they droned, almost lazily (about 80 m.p.h.) for they were cruising against time. Not for 51 hours, 11 minutes, 25 seconds, did they coast to earth, having broken the USA and worlds records for protracted flight. In the same time, conditions favoring, they could have flown from Manhattan to Vienna. They had covered 4,100 miles. To Paris it is 3,600 miles from Manhattan. Jubilant, Engineer Bellancas employers offered competitors a three-hour headstart in the race to Paris. The Bellanca monoplane&#39;s normal cruising speed is 110 m.p.h. She would require only some 35 hours to reach Paris—if she could stay up that long again.</p><br>
<p>Lindbergh was unable to get the plane, and two weeks after Lindbergh&#39;s flight, the "Columbia" flew non-stop from New York City to Berlin, Germany, a trip of 3,911 miles which was again longer than the 3,600 mile trip Lindbergh made from New York City to Berlin to capture the Orteig Prize.</p><br>
<p>The Air Service, Inc. Hangar at Bellanca Airfield was built about 1936, and is built predominately of concrete block with brick detailing at door openings and at the locations of the piers that support the wood roof trusses. It measures 60 feet by 180 feet, and is the only surviving piece of aviation history left at the former Bellanca Airfield.</p><br>
<p>Shadow Ranch is a historic ranch house, built from 1869-1872 using adobe and redwood lumber, on the original Workman Ranch in the western San Fernando Valley of Los Angeles, California. For much of the 20th century it was in Canoga Park, but it is now within the boundaries of the West Hills community.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The ranch began as a dry-land wheat farm owned by the San Fernando Homestead Association led by Isaac Lankershim and Isaac Van Nuys. Albert Workman, an Australian immigrant, began as the superintendent of Van Nuys&#39; Los Angeles Farm and Milling Company. After 1869 Workman purchased the 9,000 acre ranch, and cultivated it with another 4,000 acre nearby. The ranch also had a thousand head of cattle at one time. Workman imported Australian Blue Gum eucalyptus tree seeds from his homeland and planted them on the ranch. Some claim the numerous eucalyptus trees in California of that species, Eucalyptus globulus, originate from the Workman Ranch groves.</p><br>
<p>The site has multiple Hollywood connections. In the 1930s the Workman Ranch was acquired by Colin Clements and Florence Ryerson, a couple who were screenwriters for the film studio. Ryerson co-wrote the screenplay for the 1939 film The Wizard of Oz while living there. She renamed the estate Shadow Ranch for the amount of shade provided by the numerous large eucalyptus trees, originally planted during the Workman era.</p><br>
<p>It was acquired in 1948 by another screenwriter, Ranald MacDougall, whose credits include "Mildred Pierce" and "Cleopatra." In 1961 movie director William Wyler used the ranch house as a filming location for The Children’s Hour, based on the play by Lillian Hellman.</p><br>
<h2>City park</h2><br>
<p>Today, the historic Shadow Ranch residence stands on a 13 acre parcel, the remaining undeveloped land of the original ranch that is L.A. city park. The structure is used as a recreational facility and events venue. When the Los Angeles Cultural Heritage Commission was formed in 1962, Shadow Ranch was one of the first ten properties to be designated as a city Historic-Cultural Monument (HCM #9).</p><br>
